Machines of Loving Grace (50 page)

28
.
   
Robin Harding, “US Has Lost 2M Clerical Jobs since 2007,”
Financial Times,
April 1, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cm/s/0/37666e6c-9ae5-11e2-b982-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3V2czZqsP.

29
.
   
Melody Johnson, “Right-Wing Media Attack Obama for Accurate Remarks on Business’ [
sic
] Investment in Automated Machines,” MediaMatters for America, June 15, 2011, http://mediamatters.org/research/2011/06/15/right-wing-media-attack-obama-for-accurate-rema/180602.

30
.
   
“Are ATMs Stealing Jobs?”
Economist,
June 15, 2011, http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/06/technology-and-unemployment.

31
.
   
Ben Sumers, “Bank Teller Case Study” (unpublished, 2012).

32
.
   
Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee,
The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies
(New York: W.
W.
Norton & Co., 2014), 127.

33
.
   
Jaron Lanier,
Who Owns the Future?
Kindle ed.
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), Kindle location 222–230.

34
.
   
Tim O’Reilly, Google+, January 9, 2014, https://plus.google.com/+TimOReilly/posts/F85gaWoBp3Z.

35
.
   
Matthieu Pélissié du Rausas, James Manyika, Eric Hazan, Jacques Bughin, Michael Chui, and Rémi Said, “Internet Matters: The Net’s Sweeping Impact on Growth, Jobs, and Prosperity,” McKinsey Global Institute, May 2011, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/internet_matters.

36
.
   
“The Last Kodak Moment?”
Economist,
January 12, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21542796.

37
.
   
Ray Kurzweil,
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
(New York: Penguin Books, 2006).

38
.
   
“The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era,” VISION-21 Symposium, NASA Lewis Research Center, NASA technical reports, NASA CP-10129, March 30–31, 1993, https://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/vinge/misc/singu larity.html.

39
.
   
Robert Geraci,
Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality,
reprint edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

40
.
   
Moshe Y.
Vardi, “The Consequences of Machine Intelligence,”
Atlantic,
October 25, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/tech nology/archive/2012/10/the-consequences-of-machine-intelli gence/264066.

41
.
   
Moshe Y.
Vardi, “If Machines Are Capable of Doing Almost Any Work Humans Can Do, What Will Humans Do?”
(white paper presented at Innovation 4 Jobs Conference, Menlo Park, California, 2013).

42
.
   
Author telephone interview with Moshe Vardi, May 9, 2013.

43
.
   
“IFR: Robots Improve Manufacturing Success & Create Jobs,” press release, International Federation of Robotics, February 28, 2013, http://www.ifr.org/news/ifr-press-release/ifr-robots-improve-manufacturing-success-create-jobs-469.

44
.
   
Robert J.
Gordon, “Is US Economic Growth Over?
Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds,”
Policy Insight
63 (September 2012), Centre for Economic Policy Research, http://www.cepr.org/sites/default/files/policy_insights/PolicyInsight63.pdf.

45
.
   
Robert J.
Gordon, “The Demise of U.S.
Economic Growth: Restatement, Rebuttal, and Reflections,” NBER Working Paper No.
19895, February 2014, National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/papers/w19895.

46
.
   
“Robert Gordon, Erik Brynjolfsson Debate the Future of Work at TED 2013,” TED Blog video, April 23, 2013, https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=ofWK5WglgiI.

47
.
   
Robert J.
Gordon, “Why Innovation Won’t Save Us,”
Wall Street Journal,
December 21, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324461604578191781756437940.

48
.
   
Gordon, “The Demise of U.S.
Economic Growth.”

49
.
   
Craig Trudell, Yukiko Hagiwara, and Jie Ma, “Humans Replacing Robots Herald Toyota’s Vision of Future,”
BloombergBusiness,
April 7, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-06/humans-replacing-robots-herald-toyota-s-vision-of-future.html.

50
.
   
Stewart Brand, “We Are As Gods,”
Whole Earth Catalog
, Fall 1968, http://www.wholeearth.com/issue/1010/article/195/we.are.as.gods.

51
.
   
Amir Efrati, “Google Beat Facebook for DeepMind, Creates Ethics Board,”
Information,
January 27, 2014, https://www.theinformation.com/google-beat-facebook-for-deepmind-creates-ethics-board.

52
.
   
“Foxconn Chairman Likens His Workforce to Animals,”
WantChina Times,
January 19, 2012, http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120119000111&cid=1102.

53
.
   
“World Population Ageing 2013,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, (New York: United Nations, 2013) http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf.

54
.
   
“Robot Caregivers Help the Elderly,” Digital Agenda for Europe, A Europe 2020 Initiative, May 5, 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/robot-caregivers-help-elderly.

55
.
   
Jeffrey S.
Passel and D’vera Cohn, “U.S.
Population Projections: 2005–2050,” Social & Demographic Trends, Pew Research Center, February 11, 2008, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/02/11/us-population-projections-2005-2050.

56
.
   
“Baby Boomers Retire,” Pew Research Center, December 29, 2010 http://www.pewresearch.org/daily-number/baby-boomers-retire.

  
1
.
   
David C.
Brock, “How William Shockley’s Robot Dream Helped Launch Silicon Valley,”
IEEE Spectrum,
November 29, 2013, http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/innovation/how-william-shockleys-robot-dream-helped-launch-silicon-valley.

  
2
.
   
David C.
Brock, “From Automation to Silicon Valley: The Automation Movement of the 1950s, Arnold Beckman, and William Shockley,”
History and Technology
28, no.
4 (2012), http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341512.2012.756236#.VQTPKCbHi_A.

  
3
.
   
Ibid.

  
4
.
   
John Markoff, “Robotic Vehicles Race, but Innovation Wins,”
New York Times,
September 14, 2005.

  
5
.
   
John Markoff,
What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry
(New York: Viking, 2005).

  
6
.
   
Pamela McCorduck,
Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence
, 2nd ed.
(Natick, MA: A K Peters/CRC Press, 2004), 268.

  
7
.
   
Ibid., 273.

  
8
.
   
Brad Darrach, “Meet Shaky [
sic
], the First Electronic Person: The Fascinating and Fearsome Reality of a Machine with a Mind of Its Own,”
Life,
November 1970.

  
9
.
   
Charles A.
Rosen, “Robots, Productivity, and Quality,” SRI, Artificial Intelligence Center, technical note no.
66, May 1972.

10
.
   
Nils J.
Nilsson,
The Quest for Artificial Intelligence,
2010, 77, web version, http://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/QAI/qai.pdf.

11
.
   
Margaret Boden,
Mind as Machine
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 381.

12
.
   
AI@50, Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference, July 13–15, 2006.

13
.
   
Boden,
Mind as Machine,
381.

14
.
   
John McCarthy, book review of B.
P.
Bloomfield,
The Question of Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical and Sociological Perspectives,
in
Annals of the History of Computing
10, no.
3 (1998).

15
.
   
Ibid.

16
.
   
Nilsson,
The Quest for Artificial Intelligence,
77.

17
.
   
AI@50, Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference, July 13–15, 2006.

18
.
   
Interview with John McCarthy, Stanford University, July 19, 2001.

19
.
   
Steven Levy,
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
(New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984).

20
.
   
Interview with John McCarthy, Stanford University, July 19, 2001.

21
.
   
Raj Reddy, “Celebration of John McCarthy’s Accomplishments,” Stanford University, March 25, 2012, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_QGryGFb2o.

22
.
   
Arthur L.
Norberg, “An Interview with Bruce G.
Buchanan,” June 11–12, 1991, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/107165/1/oh230bb.pdf.

23
.
   
Hans Moravec,
Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 20.

24
.
   
John McCarthy, “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence,” August 31, 1955, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html.