Machines of Loving Grace (53 page)

12
.
   
Blade Runner,
directed by Ridley Scott (1982; Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.).

13
.
   
Leon Neyfakh, “Do Our Brains Pay a Price for GPS?”
Boston Globe,
August 18, 2013, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/08/17/our-brains-pay-price-for-gps/d2Tnvo4hiWjuybid5UhQVO/story.html.

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NOTE: Page references in
italics
refer to photos.

Abbeel, Pieter, 268

Abelson, Robert, 180–181

Abovitz, Rony, 271–275

Active Ontologies, 304

Ad Hoc Committee on the Triple Revolution, 73–74

agent-based interfaces, 195–226.
see also
Siri (Apple)

    
avatars, 304, 305

    
Baxter (robot), 195–196, 204–205,
205,
207

    
Brooks and, 201–204

    
CALO, 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311

    
chatbots, 221–225, 304

    
early personal computing and, 196–201

    
ethics of, 339–342

    
“golemics” and, 208–215

    
Google and, 12–13, 341

    
Microsoft and, 187–191, 215–220

    
Rethink Robotics and, 204–208

    
singularity and, 220–221

Agents, Inc., 191–192

aging, of humans, 93–94, 236–237, 245, 327–332

“Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence” (Dreyfus), 177

Allen, Paul, 267, 268, 337

Alone Together
(Turkle), 173, 221–222

Amazon, 97–98, 206, 247

Ambler (robot), 33, 202

Anderson, Chris, 88

Andreessen, Marc, 69

Apocalypse AI
(Geraci), 85, 116–117

Apple.
see also
Siri (Apple)

    
early history of, 7, 8, 214, 279–281, 307

    
iPhone, 23, 93, 239, 275, 281

    
iPod, 194, 275, 281

    
Jobs and, 13, 35, 112, 131, 194, 214, 241, 281–282, 320–323

    
Knowledge Navigator, 188, 300, 304, 305–310, 317, 318

    
labor force of, 83–84

    
Rubin and, 240

    
Sculley and, 35, 280, 300, 305, 306, 307, 317

Architecture Machine, The
(Negroponte), 191

Architecture Machine Group, 306–307, 308–309

Arkin, Ronald, 333–335

Armer, Paul, 74

Aronson, Louise, 328

Artificial General Intelligence, 26

artificial intelligence (AI).
see
artificial intelligence (AI) history; autonomous vehicles; intelligence augmentation (IA)
versus
AI; labor force; robotics advancement; Siri (Apple)

artificial intelligence (AI) history, 95–158.
see also
intelligence augmentation (IA)
versus
AI

    
AI commercialization, 156–158

    
AI terminology, xii, 105–109

    
AI Winter, 16, 130–131, 140

    
Breiner and, 125–135

    
deep learning neural networks, 150–156,
151

    
early neural networks, 141–150

    
expert systems, 134–141, 285

    
McCarthy and, 109–115

    
Moravec and, 115–125

    
Silicon Valley inception, 95–99, 100, 256

    
SRI inception, 99–105

    
Strong artificial intelligence, 12, 26, 272

“Artificial Intelligence” (Lighthill), 130

“Artificial Intelligence of Hubert L.
Dreyfus, The” (Papert), 178

Asimov, Isaac, 101, 123, 131, 333

Association for Computing Machinery, 86, 192–194

Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 336–337

Atkinson, Bill, 307

Atlas (Boston Dynamics), 229–230, 238, 247–249,
249,
252, 254

“A.T.R.
Project” (Shockley), 96

Audi, 45–46, 50, 52, 57

augmented reality, 272–275

Automata Studies
(McCarthy, Shannon), 107

automated teller machines (ATMs), 81–82

Automation
(Diebold), 98

Automation
(MacMillan), 209

Autonomous Robotic Manipulation, 235–236

autonomous vehicles, 19–63

    
commercial applications, 45–46, 60, 61

    
DARPA and, 24, 26, 27–36, 40

    
delivery vehicles, 82

    
electric, 58–59

    
ethical issues of, 26–27, 60–61

    
Google and, 35–45, 51–52, 54–59, 62–63

    
Gordon on, 88–89

    
handoff problem, 57, 164

    
labor force issues of, 25, 61–62

    
legal issues of, 46, 60

    
Mobileye and, 46–54

    
safety of, 45, 49, 59–61, 62, 88–89

    
Stanford Cart, 120–122, 200–201

    
Stanley project, 19–23, 35–36,
36

    
technology transitions and, 23–27

    
“trolley problem,” 60, 76

Autor, David, 10, 78, 80

avatars, 304, 305

Aviram, Ziv, 48

Bagon, Eyal, 50, 51

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, 203

Ballmer, Steve, 330

banking industry technology, 81–82, 188

Barlow, John Perry, 173

Baxter (robot), 99, 195–196, 204–205,
205,
207

Beam (Suitable Technologies), 243

“beastie,” 231

“Beast” (mobile robot), 268

Beaudry, Paul, 80

Bechtolsheim, Andy, 134

Beckman, Arnold O., 98

Beckman Instruments, 98

Being Digital
(Negroponte), 191

Bell, Eric Temple, 105

Bell Labs, 107, 133, 149–150

Belove, Ed, 140

Bengio, Yoshua, 150

Berg, Paul, 335–336

Berger, Eric, 258

Berkeley, Edmund C., 231

Berners-Lee, Tim, 289

Bezos, Jeff, 206, 247

BigDog (Boston Dynamics), 228–229

BMW, 45

Bobrow, Danny, 178, 182

Boltzmann, Ludwig, 146

Boltzmann Machine, 146–158

Bosack, Leonard, 134

Boss (autonomous car), 32–35

Boston Computer Museum, 14

Boston Dynamics, 228–230, 232, 238, 247, 248,
249,
249–253

Bradski, Gary, 260–265,
261

BRAIN initiative, 24

Brand, Stewart, 90, 255–256

Brautigan, Richard, xvii

Breazeal, Cynthia, 204

Breiner, Sheldon, 125–135

Brin, Sergey, 39, 41, 55, 184–187

Brock, David, 95, 98

Brooks, Rodney, 85, 98–99, 112, 186, 195–208,
205,
236

Brown, Gordon, 98

browsers, advent of, 301, 312

Brynjolfsson, Erik, 79, 82–83, 86–87

Buchanan, Bruce, 113

Bush, Vannevar, 6, 62

CaddyTrek (golf cart), xi

CALO (Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes), 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311

Caltech, 105–106, 231, 232

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 150

Capper, Liesl, 221–225

Carlson, Curt, 304

Carnegie Institute, 108

Carnegie Mellon University, 32–35, 115, 145, 202

chatbot technology, 221–225, 304

Cheyer, Adam, 297–305, 310–323

Chomsky, Noam, 156, 171

Christensen, Clayton, 87

Cisco Systems, 134

Clarke, Arthur C., 131–132

Cognea (My Cybertwin), 221–225, 237

Cognitens, 48

Cohen, Paul, 284, 287

Colby, Kenneth, 113

Comcast, 84

Community Memory, 210

“Computer as a Communication Device, The” (Licklider, Taylor), 164

Computer Power and Human Reason
(Weizenbaum), 174

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, 183–184

Computers and Human Interaction Conference (1997), 192–194

“Consequences of Human Intelligence, The” (Vardi), 86

Control Data, 170

control theory, 161–162, 216

Conway, Lynn, 231

cybernation revolution, 73–74

Cybernetics
(Wiener), 8, 97

cyborg, 12, 160–161

Danger, Inc., 240–241

DARPA

    
Advanced Research Projects Agency as precursor to, 30, 110, 111–112, 164, 171

    
ARPAnet, 164, 196

    
autonomous cars and Grand Challenge, 24, 26, 27–36, 40

    
CALO and, 31, 297, 302–304, 310, 311

    
Dugan and, 236

    
Engelbart and, 6

    
Licklider and, 11

    
LRASM, 26–27

    
Moravec and, 119

    
Pratt and, 235–236

    
Robotics Challenge, 227–230, 234, 236–238, 244–254,
249,
333–334

    
Rosen and, 102

    
Taylor and, 160

Darrach, Brad, 103–105

Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, 105, 107–109, 114, 143

DataLand, 307

Davis, Ruth, 102–103

“Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, A” (Barlow), 173

DeepMind Technologies, 91, 337–338

Defense Science Board, 27

de Forest, Lee, 98

“demons,” 190

Dendral, 113–114, 127

Diebold, John, 98

Diffie, Whitfield, 8, 112

Digital Equipment Corporation, 112, 285

direct manipulation, 187

Djerassi, Carl, 113

Doerr, John, 7

Dompier, Steve, 211–212

Dreyfus, Hubert, 177–178, 179

drone delivery research, 247–248

Dubinsky, Donna, 154

Duda, Richard, 128, 129

Dugan, Regina, 236

Duvall, Bill, 1–7

Earnest, Les, 120, 199

Earth Institute, 59

Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier (EG&G), 127

e-discovery software, 78

E-Groups, 259

elastic actuation, 236–237