Read Machines of Loving Grace Online
Authors: John Markoff
electronic commerce, advent of, 289, 301–302
electronic stability control (ESC), 46
Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer (EPAM), 283
“Elephants Don’t Play Chess” (Brooks), 201
Eliza, 14, 113, 172–174, 221
email, advent of, 290, 310
End of Work, The
(Rifkin), 76–77
Engelbart, Doug.
see also
SRI International
on exponential power of computers, 118–119
IA
versus
AI debate and, 165–167
on intelligence augmentation (IA), xii, 5–7, 31
Minsky and, 17
“Mother of All Demos” (1968) by, 62
NLS, 5–7, 172, 197
Rosen and, 102
Siri and, 301, 316–317
Engineers and the Price System, The
(Veblen), 343
Enterprise Integration Technologies, 289, 291
ethical issues, 324–344.
see also
intelligence augmentation (IA)
versus
AI; labor force
of autonomous cars, 26–27, 60–61
decision making and control, 341–342
Google on, 91
human-in-the-loop debates, 158–165, 167–169, 335
of labor force, 68–73, 325–332
scientists’ responsibility and, 332–341, 342–344
“techno-religious” issues, 116–117
expert systems, defined, 134–141, 285
Facebook, 83, 156–158, 266–267
Fast-SLAM, 37
Feigenbaum, Ed, 113, 133–136, 167–169, 283, 287–288
Felsenstein, Lee, 208–215
Fernstedt, Anders, 71
“field robotics,” 233–234
Fishman, Charles, 81
Flextronics, 68
Flores, Fernando, 179–180, 188
Foot, Philippa, 60
Ford, Martin, 79
Ford Motor Company, 70
Forstall, Scott, 322
Foxconn, 93, 208, 248
Friedland, Peter, 292
Galaxy Zoo, 219–220
Gates, Bill, 305, 329–330
General Electric (GE), 68–69
General Magic, 240, 315
General Motors (GM), 32–35, 48–50, 52, 53, 60
Genetic Finance, 304
Genghis (robot), 202
Geometrics, 127
George, Dileep, 154
Geraci, Robert, 85, 116–117
Gerald (digital light field), 271
Giant Brains, or Machines That Think
(Berkeley), 231
Gibson, William, 23–24
Go Corp., 141
God & Golem, Inc
.
(Wiener), 75, 211
GOFAI (Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence), 108–109, 186
“Golemic Approach, The” (Felsenstein), 212–213
“golemics,” 75, 208–215
Google
Android, 43, 239, 248, 320
autonomous cars and, 35–45, 51–52, 54–59, 62–63
Chauffeur, 43
DeepMind Technologies and, 91, 337–338
Google Glass, 23, 38
Google Now, 12–13, 341
Google X Laboratory, 152–153
Human Brain Project, 153–154
influence of early AI history on, 99
Kurzweil and, 85
PageRank algorithm, 62, 92, 259
robotic advancement by, 241–244, 248–255, 256, 260–261
70-20-10 rule of, 39
Siri’s development and, 314–315
Street View cars, 39, 42–43, 54
X Lab, 38, 55–56
Gordon, Robert J., 87–89
Gou, Terry, 93, 248
Gowen, Rhia, 277–279
Granakis, Alfred, 70
Grand Challenge (DARPA), 24, 26, 27–36, 40
“Grand Traverse,” 234
Green, David A., 80
Grendel (rover), 203
Grimson, Eric, 47
Gruber, Tom, xiii–xiv, 277–279,
278,
282–297, 310–323, 339
Grudin, Jonathan, 15, 170, 193, 342
Guzzoni, Didier, 303
hacker culture, early, 110–111, 174
Hart, Peter, 101–102, 103, 128, 129
Hassan, Scott, 243, 259–260, 267, 268, 271
Hawkins, Jeff, 85, 154
Hayon, Gaby, 50
Hearsay-II, 282–283
Heartland Robotics (Rethink Robotics), 204–208
Hecht, Lee, 135, 139
Hegel, G.
W.
F., 340
Heims, Steven, 75
Hendrix, Gary, 135
Herr, Bill, 78
Hewitt, Carl, 175
Hewlett-Packard, 255, 291
Hillis, Danny, 119
Hinton, Geoffrey, 143–156,
151
Hoaloha Robotics, 330–332
Hoefler, Don, 178
Hoffman, Reid, 295–296
Homebrew Computer Club, 197, 210–211
Hopfield, John, 145
Hopfield Network, 145, 149
Horvitz, Eric, xiii, 215–220, 336
How to Create a Mind
(Kurzweil), 85, 154
“How to NOT Build a Terminator” (Arkin), 333–335
Hubbard, G.
Scott, 168
Hughes, Kevin, 290–291
Hughes Corp., 126
Humanoids 2013, 333–335
Human Use of Human Beings, The
(Wiener), 8, 70, 98
HyperDoc, 298
Hypermail, 290–292
hypertext links, invention of, 6
IBM, 109, 138, 225–226
Illich, Ivan, 213–215
Inaba, Masayuki, 244
Industrial Perception, 241–244, 269–270
Infocom, 224
Inoue, Hirochika, 244
Instagram, 83
Intel Corp., 95, 178, 260–265
Intellicorp, 128
intelligence augmentation (IA)
versus
AI, 159–194
agent-based interfaces and, 187–194
autonomous cars and, 24, 62
ethical issues of, 332–341, 342–344
Gerald (digital light field), 271
Google founding and, 184–187
human-computer interaction, 11–18
human-in-the-loop debates, 158–165, 167–169, 335
IA, defined, xii, 5–7, 31, 115, 141
McCarthy’s and Engelbart’s work compared, 165–167
paradoxical relationship between, xii–xiii
Searle and, 179, 180–182
Siri and, 12–13, 31, 190, 193–194, 282
social construction of technology concept, xvii
Winograd’s changed views about, 170–178,
171,
182–187
intelligent cruise control, 43
intelligent elevator, 215
International Federation of Robotics (IFR), 87
Internet
advent of, 7
ARPAnet as precursor to, 164, 196
Internet of Things, xv, 193
neural network advancement and, 151
photographic film industry and, 83–84
search engine optimization, 86
“Third Industrial Revolution,” 88, 89
Web 2.0, 295
World Wide Web development, 140, 288–290
Interval Research Corporation, 213, 267, 268
Intraspect, 292–295
Intuitive Surgical, 271
iRobot, 203
Jennings, Ken, 225, 226
Jobs, Steve, 13, 35, 112, 131, 194, 214, 241, 281–282, 320–323
Johns Hopkins University, 145
Johnson, Lyndon B., 73
Joshi, Aravind Krishna, 132
Joy, Bill, 336, 343
Kaplan, Jerry, 27, 131–141
Kapor, Mitch, 140, 292
Kay, Alan, 7–8, 115, 120, 198–199, 306–310, 339–341
Kelley, David, 186
Kelly, Kevin, 17
Keynes, John Maynard, 74, 76, 326–327
Kittlaus, Dag, 310–323
Kiva Systems, 97–98, 206
knowledge acquisition problem, 287
knowledge-based systems, 285
knowledge engineering, 113, 128
Knowledge Engineering Laboratory (Stanford), 133–134
Knowledge Navigator, 188, 300, 304, 305–310, 317, 318
Kodak, 83–84
Koller, Daphne, 265
Komisar, Randy, 341
Konolige, Kurt, 268–269
Kuffner, James, 43
Kurzweil, Ray, 84–85, 116, 119, 154, 208, 336
labor force, 65–94
aging of, 93–94, 327
autonomous cars and, 25, 61–62
Brooks on, 204–208
Brynjolfsson and McAfee on, 79–80, 82–83
cybernation revolution, 73–74
deskilling of, 80–82
economic change and, 77–79, 83–84
for elder care, 236–237, 245, 327–332
growth of, xv, 10, 80–81, 326–327
Industrial Perception robots and, 241–244, 269–270
lights-out factories and, 65–68,
66,
90, 104, 206
Moravec on, 122–123
recession of 2008 and, 77–78, 325
Rifkin on automation and, 76–77
Shockley on, 97
singularity hypothesis and, 9–10, 84–94
technological unemployment, 16–18, 76–77, 104, 211
technology and displacement of, 16–18
unions and, 325–326
Wiener on, 8, 68–76
Labor-Science-Education Association, 70, 73
Lamond, Pierre, 129–130
lane-keeping software, 49, 51
language and speech recognition.
see also
Siri (Apple)
chatbot technology, 221–225, 304
early neural network research, 146–148
Eliza, 14, 113, 172–174, 221