Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (153 page)

252 This assault is only briefly mentioned y Baybars
, 88.

253 Bar Hebraeus,
Chronography
, vol. 1, 461.

254 Ibid.

255 Ibid.

256 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
vol. 1, pt. 3, 778; Nuwayrī,
Nihāyat
, vol. 31, 226–7.

257 Rabbat,
Citadel of Cairo
, 148.

258 Ibid.

259 Sobernheim, M., “Die arabischen Inschriften von Aleppo,”
DI
15 (1926): 176.

260 Lawrence, T. E.,
Oriental Assembly
, ed. A. W. Lawrence (London, 1939), 28–37.

261 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk,
vol. 1, pt. 3, 778.

262 Edwards,
Fortification
, see pl. 213b Sis and pl. 256b Tumlu.

263 Toy, S.,
A History of Fortifications, from 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1700
, 2nd edn (London, 1966), 100.

264 Lawrence,
Oriental Assembly
, 30.

265 Lawrence, A. W., “The Castle of Baghras,” ed. T. S. R. Boase,
The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia
(Edinburgh and London, 1978), 166.

266 Edwards,
Fortification
, 180–1.

267 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk,
vol. 1, pt. 3, 778.

268 Shaybānī,
,
Kitāb al-Siyar al-Kabīr
(Hyderabad, ah 1335), vol. 3, 212–13, cited in Khadduri, M.,
War and Peace in the Law of Islam
(Baltimore and London, 1969), 106. Shaybānī was a jurist of the Hanafi school (b. 132/750).

269 Sinclair,
Eastern Turkey,
vol. 4:170–2.

270 Sinclair,
Eastern Turkey
, vol. 4:17; Lawrence,
Oriental Assembly
, 31–2.

271 Müller-Wiener,
Castles
, 71–72; Edwards,
Fortification
, 244.

272 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk,
vol. 1, pt. 3, 839.

273 Sinclair,
Eastern Turkey
, vol. 4:326–7.

274 Ibn
, 280; Baybars
, 58; Thorau,
Baybars
, 174.

275 The raid, led y the governor of Aleppo, passed the fortress but did not attack it. Ibn
,
Tashrīf
, 31–2, 273.

276 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk,
vol. 1, pt. 3, 839.

277 Der Nersessian, “Kingdom of Cilician Armenia,” 657.

278
, 300–2.

279 Abū’l Fidā’,
Syrian Prince
(Holt), 44. According to Nuwayrī the fortress was not destroyed; Nuwayrī,
Nihāyat
, vol. 32, 76.

280 Boase, “Gazetteer,” 183; Edwards,
Fortification
, 244–5.

281 Edwards,
Fortification
, 245.

282 Ibid., 244.

283 Foss, C. and Winefield, D.,
Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction
(Pretoria, 1986), 23, 30.

284 Edwards,
Fortification
, 14.

285 Ibn
,
Tashrīf
, 31

286 Sinclair,
Eastern Turkey
, vol. 4:328.

287 Mentioned in Crusader sources as Gaston.

288 Molin,
Unknown Castles
, 185.

289 Lawrence, “Baghras,” 43–6; Barber,
Knighthood
, 35, 79.

290 Ibn al-Athīr,
Kāmil
, 18–19; Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 1, pt. 1, 413. Ibn Shaddād gives a detailed historical account from 31/953 to the Mamluk conquest. Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, vol. 1, pt. 1, 100.

291 Ibn
,
Mufarrij
, vol. 2, 268–9; The ld French Continuation of William of Tyre, 1184–97, in P. W. Edbury,
The Conquest of erusalem and the Thid Crusade: Sources in Translation
(Aldershot, 1998), 87. The German emperor died on the way while crossing Anatolia.

292 Edwards, “Bagras,” 431–2.

293 Barber,
Knighthood
, 121–2; Molin,
Unknown Castles
, 184.