Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (154 page)

294 Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 1, pt. 1, 414.

295 Lawrence, “Baghras,” 82–3; Edwards, “Bağras,” 431–2.

296 Müller-Wiener,
Castles
, 48.

297 Edwards, “Bağras,” 431.

298 Ibn Shaddād,
, vol. 1, pt. 1, 414.

299 Sinclair,
Eastern Turkey
, vol. 4, 269.

300 In 684/1285 Qalāwūn and the Armenian King Leon signed a peace treaty meant to last for ten years, ten months and ten days, in which Baghrās together with other fortresses in Cilicia was handed over to the Mamluks. Ibn
,
Tashrīf
, 95–6; Edwards, “Bağras,” 420; Sinclair,
Eastern Turkey
, vol. 4, 269.

301 The conversion is mentioned in a short account by
,
Wafayāt
, vol. 10, 342.

302 Boas,
Archaeology
, 184–7; Ellenblum, “Construction,” 170–2; Kennedy,
Castles
, 65

303 Creswell,
Fortification
, 39.

304 Boas,
Military Orders
, 166–8.

305 Ibid., 173.

306 Ibn
, 93.

5

Military architecture versus political and military organization

1 Ellenblum, R.,
Crusader Castles and Modern Histories
(Cambridge, 2007), 239–56.

2 Holt, P. M., “The structure of government in the Mamluk sultanate,”
The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades
, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster, 1977), 46.

3 Ibn
fī dhikr umarā al-shām wa’l-jazīra
(Damascus, 1972), vol. 2, pt. 2, 150.

4 Ibid., 147.

5 Michaudel, B., “The use of fortifications as a political instrument by the Ayyubids and the Mamluks in Bilad al-Sham and Egypt (twelfth and thirteenth centuries),”
MSR
11/1 (2007): 56.

6 Irwin mentions a cases in the 690s/1290s when the area of
and its surroundings was given as mulk by al-Ashraf Khalīl to a favorite amir of his, Baydarā al-Ashrafī. R. Irwin, “
’ and the end of the Crusader states,” in
The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades
, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster, 1977), 68.

7 Al-Yūnīnī,
Dhayl
al-zamān
, in L. Guo
, Early Mamluk Syrian Historiography
, (Leiden, 1998), 2 vols, vol. 1:118

8 Keegan, J. A.
History of Warfare
(New York, 1993), 142–6.

9 Tracy, J. D., “To wall or not to wall: evidence from medieval Germany,” in
City Walls; the urban enceinte in global perspective
, ed. J. D. Tracy (Cambridge, 2000), 71–88, 72.

10 Keegan,
Warfare
, 142, A central authority struggling to secure itself will often use strongholds.

11 Smail has a long and detailed chapter on recruitment in the Latin armies and the defects of the military establishment. Smail, R. C.,
Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193
, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 1995), 87–106.

12 Ibid., 102–3.

13 Ibid., 98.

14 Ibid., 97.

15 Ibid., 104.

16 Lev, Y.,
Saladin in Egypt
(Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 1999), 154–7.

17 Ibid., 160.

18 Amitai-Preiss, R.,
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk–Īlkhānid War 1260–1281
(Cambridge, 1995), 233–5.

19 Ellenblum,
Modern Histories
, 270–3.

20 Marshall, C. J.,
Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291
(Cambridge, 1996), 93, 131, 136–9.

21
Ibn al-Jawzī,
Mir’āt al-zamān fī ta’rīkh
(Hyderabad, 1952), vol. 8, pt. 2, 597–8, referring to affairs in 615/1218.