One Righteous Man : Samuel Battle and the Shattering of the Color Line in New York (9780807012611) (45 page)

91.
“Johnson in New York,”
Washington Post
, July 12, 1910.

92.
“Johnson’s Arrival a Negro Gala Day,”
NYT
, July 12, 1910.

93.
Benton Pride,
Wesley Williams: A Credit to His Race
, WWP.

94.
Thomas Roy Peyton, MD,
Quest for Dignity: An Autobiography of Negro Doctor
(Los Angeles: Warren E. Lewis, 1950), 3–4.

95.
COH.

96.
“New York City Has a Colored Police Officer,”
NYA
, June 29, 1911.

97.
Charles Anderson to Booker T. Washington, July 5, 1911, Booker T. Washington Papers, Library of Congress; “Commissioner Waldo,”
NYA
, June, 1, 1911.

98.
Ibid.

CHAPTER TWO: STRUGGLE

1.
Langston Hughes to Maxim Lieber, December 30, 1935, Langston Hughes Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

2.
Harlem Home News
, July 28, 1911, and August 25, 1911.

3.
“First Negro Named for City’s Police,”
NYT
, June 29, 1911.

4.
COH.

5.
BN.

6.
“The Negro as a Policeman,”
NYT
, June 30, 1911.

7.
COH.

8.
“Negro Policeman Hazed by Silence,”
NYT
, August 17, 1911.

9.
COH.

10.
“Negro Policeman Now a Regular Cop,”
New York Sun
, January 8, 1912.

11.
COH.

12.
BN.

13.
Wilbur Young, “Equity Congress,” WPA research paper, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.

14.
“Crowd Threatens to Lynch Negro,”
NYT
, October 18, 1911.

15.
US Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census, 1900.

16.
Robert Holmes’s World War I draft registration card, National Archives and Records Administration,
Ancestry.com
.

17.
Rev. Frederick Asbury Cullen,
From Barefoot Town to Jerusalem
(privately printed, n.d.), 56.

18.
“Identify Two Suspects in Police Killing,”
New York Daily News
, April 23, 1934.

19.
BN.

20.
“To Test Legality of Covenant,”
NYA
, February 13, 1913.

21.
“Enthuse over Negro Regiment,”
NYA
, June 12, 1913.

22.
Peter N. Nelson,
A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighters’ Struggle for Freedom in WWI and Equality at Home
(New York: BasicCivitas, 2009), 10–13.

23.
Mary White Ovington,
Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York
(New York: Longmans, Green, 1911), 85.

24.
New York State Department of Labor,
Annual Report of the Industrial Commission for the Twelve Months Ended September 30, 1915
, 114.

25.
Clifford M. Holland, “‘Blowout’ Difficulties in Tunneling Under East River, New York City,”
Railway Review
, December 30, 1916.

26.
“Subway Saga,”
NYT
, November 8, 1964.

27.
“General Miles to Negroes, Talks of War and the Future of the Black Race,”
NYT
, August 3, 1914.

28.
W. E. B. Du Bois, “Mr. Trotter and Mr. Wilson,”
Crisis
, January 1915, 119–20.

29.
W. E. B. Du Bois, “Colored Men and Women Lynched Without Trial,”
Crisis
, January 1915, 145; “The Lynching Industry,”
Crisis
, February 1916, 198.

30.
Benton Pride,
Wesley Williams: A Credit to His Race
, WWP.

31.
Wesley Williams photograph collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division.

32.
State of New York Certificate and Record of Marriage, New York City Department of Health, No. 3480, 1915, New York City Municipal Reference Library.

33.
“Bad Faith Charged by Street Car Men,”
NYT
, August 15, 1916.

34.
“Car Strikers Raid Stops Bronx Lines,”
NYT
, July 27, 1916; “State and City Prepare to Meet Great Car Strike,”
NYT
, August 2, 1916; “Death and Disruption Have Marked Transit Strikes in this City,”
NYT
, December 39, 1965.

35.
Tony Gould,
A Summer Plague: Polio and Its Survivors
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Andrea Ryken,
Polio in Twentieth Century America: A “Children’s Disease” in a Child-Centered Culture
, April 8, 2008, Undergraduate Library Research Award, Paper 3,
http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ulra/awards/2008/3
.

36.
“Identify Two Suspects in Police Killing,”
New York Daily News
, April 23, 1934.

37.
W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Waco Horror,”
Crisis
, July 19, 1916.

38.
“Negro Troops of N.Y. N. G.,”
NYA
, June 29, 1916.

39.
Nelson,
A More Unbending Battle
, 5–7; Gail Buckley,
American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm
(New York: Random House, 2001), 190.

40.
Napoleon B. Marshall,
The Providential Armistice: A Volunteer’s Story
(Washington, DC: Liberty League, 1930), 12.

41.
Nelson,
A More Unbending Battle
, 1–2; “The Fifteenth,”
NYA
, October 5, 1916; Wilbur Young, “Negroes of New York: Equity Congress,” WPA research paper, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.

42.
James Weldon Johnson,
Black Manhattan: Account of the Development of Harlem
(orig., 1930; New York: Da Capo Press, 1991), 231.

43.
Nelson,
A More Unbending Battle
, 10–13.

44.
Brief Adventures of the First American Soldier Decorated in the World War, as Told by Neadom Roberts
, 1933 (Richmond, VA: Collection of the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar).

45.
Arthur W. Little,
From Harlem to the Rhine: The Story of New York’s Colored Volunteers
(New York: Covici Friede, 1936), 9–13.

46.
Marcus Garvey, “The Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riot,” speech, July 8, 1917,
The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers
(volume I, 1826–August 1919) (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), 217.

47.
Harper Barnes,
Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot That Sparked the Civil Rights Movement
(New York: Walker & Company, 2008), 123–68.

48.
“Negro Guardsmen in San Juan Riot,”
NYT
, July 4, 1917.

49.
“Hayward Begins Inquiry into Riot,”
NYT
, July 5, 1917.

50.
“Negro Policeman Slain by Burglar,”
NYT
, August 7, 1917; Patrolman Killed in Battle with Negro Burglar,”
New York Tribune
, August 7, 1917; New York City Department of Health Death Certificates No. 7291 and 26338 of 1918 for Henry Oliver Holmes and Ella Homes, New York City Municipal Reference Library.

51.
Little,
From Harlem to the Rhine
, 357.

52.
Ibid., 46–47.

53.
“First Negro Troops in Spartanburg,”
NYT
, August 31, 1917.

54.
Little,
From Harlem to the Rhine
, 54–55.

55.
Ibid., 57, 67–68.

56.
Ibid., 75–76.

57.
“Two N.Y. Negroes Whip 24 Germans, Win War Crosses,”
New York Tribune
, May 20, 1918.

58.
Buckley,
American Patriots
, 200.

59.
Chad L. Williams,
Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 118–19.

60.
Recommendation for the Medal of Honor, Sergeant Henry Johnson, submitted by US Senator Charles E. Schumer, May 15, 2011.

61.
Bill Harris,
The Hellfighters of Harlem: African American Soldiers Who Fought for the Right to Fight for Their Country
(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2002), 39.

62.
“City Firemen Hail Once-Scorned Chief,”
NYT
, October 29, 1976.

63.
Marshall,
Providential Armistice
, 11, 12.

64.
“Fifth Av. Cheers Negro Veterans,”
NYT
, February 18, 1919.

65.
World War I army service card, Henry Johnson, New York State Archives.

66.
W. E. B. Du Bois, “Returning Soldiers,”
Crisis
, May 1919, 14.

67.
“Negro Killed in Harlem Race Row,”
NYT
, September 16, 1919.

CHAPTER THREE: BETRAYED

1.
Langston Hughes to Arna Bontemps, December 27, 1950, Langston Hughes Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

2.
Arnold Rampersad,
The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume II, 1941–1967: I Dream a World
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002), 187.

3.
Cornelius W. Willemse,
Behind the Green Lights
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931), 51.

4.
“The Old Toms Prison Under Criticism Again,”
NYT
, June 30, 1929.

5.
Willemse,
Behind the Green Lights
, 30.

6.
“Fire College Instruction: Handbook of Instruction for Fire Lieutenants and Fire Captains,” advertisement,
Fire Department Motor Apparatus: Description and Equipment of Every Type of Motor Apparatus in the New York Fire Department
(New York: Civil Service Chronicle, 1916).

7.
“City Firemen Hail Once-Scorned Chief,”
NYT
, October 29, 1976.

8.
Wesley Williams photograph collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division.

9.
M. R. Werner,
Tammany Hall
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1932), 188.

10.
Richard Zacks,
Island of Vice: Theodore Roosevelt’s Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin-Loving New York
(New York: Doubleday, 2012), 23–27.

11.
Werner,
Tammany Hall
, 466.

12.
Zacks,
Island of Vice
, 41.

13.
Franklin Matthews, “Wide Open New York,”
Harper’s Weekly
, October 22, 1898.

14.
“Police Praised As Sergeants Dine,”
NYT
, March 8, 1907; “Police Gifts for McAdoo,”
NYT
, January 24, 1906; “Police Lieutenants Entertain Taft,”
NYT
, February 23, 1910; “No Cheers for Bingham,”
NYT
, February 9, 1909.

15.
“Whitman Watches Hylan; He Could Be Removed,”
NYT
, January 25, 1918; “Devery Funeral Tuesday,”
NYT
, June 22, 1919; “Devery’s Mourners the Lowly and High,”
NYT
, June 25, 1919.

16.
Werner,
Tammany Hall
, 557; “$12,000 For Enright in ‘Fictitious’ Stock Deal with A. A. Ryan,”
NYT
, September 21, 1921; “Bank Records Show Enright Deposited $100,421 in 4 Years,”
NYT
, October 18, 1921.

17.
Annual Report of the Department of Health of the City of New York, 1921; E. P. Cook, MD, “Bronchopneumonia in Early Childhood—Its Treatment,”
Journal of California and Western Medicine
(March 1930): 170; Department of Health, Certificate of Death, No. 5743 of 1920, New York City Municipal Reference Library.

18.
US Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census, 1910; Fourteenth Census, 1920.

19.
James Weldon Johnson,
Black Manhattan: Account of the Development of Harlem
(orig., 1930; New York: Da Capo Press, 1991), 165–66.

20.
“The Reminiscences of Benjamin McLaurin,” 1960, Oral History Collection of Columbia University.

21.
Eslanda Goode Robeson,
Paul Robeson, Negro
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1930), 70,
http://archive.org/stream/paulrobesonnegro011552mbp#page/n93/mode/2up
.

22.
“The Reminiscences of George S. Schuyler,” 1962, Oral History Collection of Columbia University.

23.
Anderson,
This Was Harlem
, 130.

24.
“Murdered Man a Bigamist,”
AMN
, December 6, 1922; “Items of Social Interest,”
AMN
, December 6, 1922, and December 20, 1922.

25.
“The Reminiscences of George S. Schuyler.”

26.
“The Future Harlem,”
NYA
, January 10, 1920.

27.
Arnold Rampersad,
The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume I, 1902–1941: I, Too Sing America
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002), 10; Langston Hughes,
The Big Sea
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 40.

28.
Rampersad,
The Life of Langston Hughes I
, 6.

29.
Hughes,
Big Sea
, 34.

30.
Langston Hughes, “The Fascination of Cities,
Crisis
, January 1926, 140.

31.
Hughes,
Big Sea
, 81.

32.
“Making a Joke of Prohibition in New York City,”
NYT
, May 2, 1920.

33.
Daniel Okrent,
Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition
(New York: Scribner, 2010), 207–8.

34.
“Indict Arnold Rothstein,”
NYT
, June 7, 1919; “Inspector Henry Is Freed by Court,”
NYT
, June 23, 1921.

35.
“Faithful Unto Death,”
Evening Telegram
(NY), February 23, 1916; “Enright Promotes Ten to Be Captains,”
New York
Sun
, April 27, 1919; “Changes Surprise Police,”
NYT
, June 26, 1919; “Samuel G. Belton, Police Aide, Dead,”
NYT
, February 11, 1958.