One Righteous Man : Samuel Battle and the Shattering of the Color Line in New York (9780807012611) (47 page)

42.
US Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census, 1930.

43.
White et al.,
Playing the Numbers
, 178–79; “Negroes No Longer Control Harlem Numbers Business as Kings Work for Bronx Beer Racketeer,”
NYA
, August 13, 1932; “Two Put on Stand,”
NYT
, August 18, 1938.

44.
“Numbers Banker Slain,”
NYA
, March 11, 1933.

45.
J. Richard (Dixie) Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,”
Collier’s
, July 29, 1939, 20.

46.
“Committee Chosen to Present Harlem’s Needs to Mayor,”
NYA
, April 7, 1934.

47.
Thomas Kessner,
Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 70.

48.
“Rid City of Gangs, Is Order to Police,”
NYT
, January 12, 1934.

49.
“City and State Officials Speak at NAACP Celebration,”
NYA
, March 24, 1934; “La Guardia Says He’d Be Glad to Help De Priest,”
Afro-American
(Baltimore), March 24, 1934.

50.
“Identify Two Suspects in Police Killing,”
New York Daily News
, April 23, 1934; “Murder of 3 Cops Admitted by Felon Dying of Wounds,”
New York Daily News
, May 3, 1940.

51.
“Miss Charline Battle Takes Vows and Changes Her Name,”
AMN
, June 16, 1934.

52.
Walter White,
A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White
(Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 3–4, 11.

53.
John H. Johnson,
Fact Not Fiction in Harlem
(Glen Cove, NY: Northern Type Printing, 1980), 50; “Blumstein’s Store to Hire Negro Clerks,”
NYA
, August 4, 1934.

54.
“Summer College Students Offer to Picket Discriminating Store; League Preparing for Parade,”
NYA
, July 21, 1934.

CHAPTER FIVE: RESPECT

1.
Arnold Rampersad,
The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume I, 1902–1941: I, Too Sing America
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002), 13.

2.
“Harlem Greets Negro Lieutenant,”
NYT
, January 9, 1935.

3.
“Negro Fireman Battle Discrimination,”
AMN
, October 13, 1934.

4.
Oswald Garrison Villard, “Walking Through Race Prejudice,”
Nation
, January 30, 1935, 119.

5.
“Rid City of Crooks, La Guardia Orders,”
NYT
, April 30, 1934; Lowell M. Limpus,
Honest Cop: Lewis J. Valentine
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1939), 178; Thomas Kessner,
Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 358.

6.
“One-Man-Raid Battles Does a Carrie Nation,”
AMN
, May 12, 1934.

7.
Mayor’s Commission on Conditions in Harlem,
The Negro in Harlem
, 100–106; “Mayor Orders Investigation of Harlem Riot,”
Afro-American
, March 24, 1934; Kessner,
Fiorello H. La Guardia
, 373.

8.
Mayor’s Commission on Conditions in Harlem,
The Negro in Harlem: A Report on Social and Economic Conditions Responsible for the Outbreak of March 19, 1935
, 1–2, La Guardia Papers, New York City Municipal Reference Library.

9.
Arthur Garfield Hays,
City Lawyer: The Autobiography of a Law Practice
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1942), 281–82.

10.
“Police Are Hissed at Harlem Hearing,”
NYT
, May 5, 1935.

11.
“Hays Chides Police at Harlem Inquiry,”
NYT
, May 19, 1935.

12.
Mayor’s Commission on Conditions in Harlem,
The Negro in Harlem
, 102, 107.

13.
Alain Locke,
Harlem: Dark Weather Vane
, La Guardia Papers, New York City Municipal Reference Library.

14.
COH.

15.
“Holstein Seized in a Police Raid,”
NYT
, December 24, 1935.

16.
COH.

17.
Ibid.

18.
US Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census, 1940.

19.
“Battle to Mark 25 Years as Cop with Youthful Outlook,”
AMN
, June 27, 1936.

20.
“Negro Celebrates 25 Years on the Force,”
NYT
, June 29, 1936.

21.
Clay Moyle,
Sam Langford: Boxing’s Greatest Uncrowned Champion
(Seattle: Bennett & Hastings, 2006), 372.

22.
Ernest Hemingway, “Million Dollar Fight: A New York Letter,”
Esquire
, December 1935, 35.

23.
Langston Hughes,
I Wonder as I Wander: An Autobiographical Journey
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1956), 315.

24.
William J. Baker,
Jesse Owens: An American Life
(New York: Free Press, 1986), 123.

25.
Ibid., 127; “Harlemites Hiss Olympic Parade,”
CD
, September 12, 1936.

26.
“Olympic Stars Get Welcome of City,”
NYT
, September 4, 1936.

27.
“Sportopics: The Mighty Has Fallen,”
AMN
, September 26, 1936.

28.
“Prominent in Week’s News,”
AMN
, January, 29, 1938.

29.
“History of Bethune-Cookman University,” B-CU website,
http://www.bethune.cookman.edu/about_BCU/history/index.html
.

30.
Blanche Wiesen Cook,
Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume 2: The Defining Years, 1933–1938
(New York: Viking, 1999), 161.

31.
COH.

32.
Dorothy Height,
Open Wide the Freedom Gates: A Memoir
(New York: Public Affairs, 2003), 82–83.

33.
BOH.

34.
“Fire Fighters Organize Club in Department,”
AMN
, September 20, 1941.

35.
“Indicts Man in Holt Slaying,”
AMN
, February 24, 1940; “Mayor at Funeral of Slain Policeman,”
NYT
, February 17, 1940.

36.
Sondra Kathryn Wilson, ed.,
In Search of Democracy: The NAACP Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Roy Wilkins (1920–1977)
(Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999), 172–73.

37.
Football Records of the New York Yankees, 1940–1941,
http://www.luckyshow.org/football/NYYanks3.htm
.

38.
“Hundred Guests at Matron’s Surprise Celebration,”
AMN
, April 1, 1939.

39.
“On Parole Board,”
NYT
, August 21, 1941.

40.
Dominic J. Capeci,
The Harlem Riot of 1943
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1977), 59.

41.
Buckley,
American
Patriots
, 270.

42.
David F. Schmitz,
Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man
(Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2001), 146.

43.
Walter White,
A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White
(Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 189–92.

44.
“A Disgusted Negro Trooper,” to
Cleveland Call & Post
, August 16, 1944, in Phillip McGuire, ed.,
Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 196.

45.
“By Way of Mention,”
NYA
, July 24, 1943.

46.
“First Lady Praises Mrs. Mary Bethune,”
NYT
, May 3, 1943; “Harlem Turned Out Sunday in Honor of Noted Educator and Leader,”
AMN
, May 8, 1943; “Mrs. Roosevelt Assails Bigotry in Harlem Talk,”
New York Herald Tribune
, May 3, 1943.

47.
“Hell Breaks Loose in Eight Cities,”
AMN
, June 26, 1943.

48.
Capeci,
The Harlem Riot of 1943
, 82.

49.
White,
A Man Called White
, 236–38.

50.
Ibid., 3–4.

51.
“The Reminiscences of David Dressler,” 1972, Oral History Collection of Columbia University; “Welfare Island Raid Bares Gangster Rule Over Prison,”
NYT
, January 25, 1934; “Affidavits Name Hines Parole Czar,”
NYT
, January 31, 1934.

52.
“The Reminiscences of David Dressler,” 1972, Oral History Collection of Columbia University.

53.
“Six Soldiers Reported Killed in Dixie Rioting,”
AMN
, January 17, 1942; “Jim Crowed as She Escorts Body of Her Soldier Son,”
Cleveland Call & Post
, July 18, 1942; “German Prisoners Ate In Station Dining Room in Texas, While Negro Soldiers Were Forced to Accept ‘Kitchen Hand-Outs,’ Army Veteran Writes Courier,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, April 8, 1944.

54.
“By Way of Mention,”
NYA
, February 5, 1944.

55.
New York City Fire Department Transfer Request, July 25, 1941, WWP; Wesley Williams to Alfred E. Smith, August 18, 1941, WWP; New York City Fire Department Transfer Request, January 10, 1942, WWP.

56.
Anonymous to Fiorello La Guardia, August 9, 1944, WWP; Anonymous to Fiorello La Guardia, September 18, 1944, WWP.

57.
Wesley Williams and others to Patrick J. Walsh, October 14, 1944, WWP.

58.
Wesley Williams and others to Hubert T. Delany, November 16, 1944, WWP.

59.
“Fire Commissioner to Investigate Jim Crow Charges of Firemen,”
NYA
, December 16, 1944.

60.
Wesley Williams to Adam Powell Jr., October 20, 1945, WWP.

61.
Kessner,
Fiorello H. La Guardia
, 527.

62.
“Casper Holstein Dies, Fabulous Harlem Figure,”
New York Herald Tribune
, April 9, 1944; “Former ‘Policy King’ in Harlem Dies Broke,”
NYT
, April 9, 1944; Casper Holstein, “One-Time Numbers King, Dies Broke,”
Afro-American
(Baltimore), April 15, 1944.

63.
COH.

64.
Jim Haskins and N. R. Mitgang,
Mr. Bojangles: The Biography of Bill Robinson
(New York: Welcome Rain Publishers, 2000), 21–24, 296–97.

65.
BN.

66.
BN.

67.
BN.

CHAPTER SIX: FORGOTTEN

1.
“New York’s First Black Fire Chief Dies at 89,”
AMN
, July 7, 1984.

2.
“Dr. E. P. Roberts Buried After 58 Years as Medic,”
AMN
, January 17, 1953.

3.
“War Correspondent Lauds Negro Soldier Fighting in France,”
NYA
, November 9, 1918.

4.
“Needham Roberts, Who Bagged 24 Germans in the War, Waxes Bitter Over the Way the Whites Have Treated Us,”
Pittsburgh Courier
, November 26, 1938; “New Facts Brought to Light in Roberts Double Suicide,”
NYA
, April 30, 1949.

5.
COH.

6.
BN.

7.
John H. Johnson,
Fact Not Fiction in Harlem
(Glen Cove, NY: Northern Type Printing, 1980), 96; Charles Cobb, grandson of Moses P. Cobb, interview with author.

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

Abyssinian Baptist Church, 181, 230, 281

Acuna, Chile, 213

Adams, Big Frank, 179

African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church (“Freedom Church”): baptism of Carroll at, 107; Anne Battle in, 7; Thomas Battle in, 10; christening of Charline at, 94; dedication of new building for, 193; Jesse Owens at, 250; Reverdy Ransom of, 63–64; Paul Robeson at, 190; thirty-first wedding anniversary at, 246; Alexander Walters of, 41; wedding of Charline at, 227–29

Afro-American Council, 41–42

Afro-American Realty Company, 56

Agard, Harry F., 158–60

Aikens, Thomas, 238

Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company, 265

Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employees, 107–8

AME Zion Church.
See
African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion Church (“Freedom Church”)

Amsterdam News
(newspaper), 152–53, 183, 193, 196, 199, 212, 238, 246, 250, 266, 273, 286

Anderson, Charles, 72, 74, 75, 177, 181

Andreini, Norman Gelio, 37

Astoria Café, 172

“Atlanta Compromise,” 26–27

Avery, Charles, 39, 52, 82

Bacharach Giants, 176

Baer, Max, 247

Baltimore, Charles, 118–19

Baltimore Police Department, 253–54

Battle, Anne Vashti Delamar, 5–7, 12, 15–16, 22–23, 166, 188, 193, 208

Battle, Carroll Henry: birth of, 106–7; education and childhood of, 194, 217; in fire department, 258–59, 285; marriage of, 246; military service by, 264, 271, 272–73, 274, 278–79; retirement of, 286

Battle, Charline Elizabeth.
See
Cherot, Charline Elizabeth Battle

Battle, Edith, 245, 258

Battle, Florence Carrington: courtship of, 43; at Elks testimonial dinner, 188; fiftieth wedding anniversary of, 285; at Greenwood Forest Farms, 264; as hostess, 212, 217; and Langston Hughes, 135; marriage of, 47–48; surprise birthday party for, 259; thirty-first wedding anniversary of, 246; travels by, 285–86; twenty-eighth wedding anniversary of, 217; twenty-fifth wedding anniversary of, 212

Battle, Florence D’Angeles, 57–58, 94

Battle, James, 13

Battle, Jesse Earl, 51, 57, 194, 211, 271, 286

Battle, John Edward, 6, 24, 233

Battle, Mary Elizabeth.
See
Oden, Mary Elizabeth Battle

Battle, Nancy, 15, 23, 37

Battle, Samuel: adolescent years, 13–15; arrival in New York, 15–19, 21–23; attempt to entrap, 87; banishment to Canarsie, 177–78, 182–84; birthday parties, 207, 212; and black regiment in World War I, 109–11, 121, 127, 128; childhood of, 7–9; completion of book by, 284–85; courting by, 42–43; death of, 290; death threats to, 87; dream of New York, 4–5; early years as police officer, 88–89, 91–94; and Equity Congress, 89–91, 109–10; fighting by, 5, 8–9; as Harlem police officer, 95–97; as houseboy, 37; and Langston Hughes, 2–4; and integration of New York Fire Department, 120–21, 123–25, 126; on joining NYPD, 50–51, 65–67, 71–75; as lieutenant colonel in auxiliary force, 264; as liveried butler, 42; malingering charge of, 88; marriage of, 47–48; move to Harlem, 151, 161–65; move to Williamsbridge, 105–6; opening of liquor store, 285; as parole commissioner, 260–61, 264, 271–72, 281, 282; pilgrimage by, 199–201; police force training, 78–80; as police officer in Harlem, 95–97; as probationary police recruit, 80–88; promotion to lieutenant, 218, 220–21, 237; promotion to sergeant, 109, 187–88; on Radio Gun Squad, 214–15; reading by, 38–39, 42, 89; as redcap, 43–47, 52–54, 63, 70, 79; return to New York after New Haven, 28–29; silence of fellow cops to, 81–83, 85–86, 93–94; on Special Service Division, 147–50, 156, 158–60, 171–78; travels with wife by, 285–86; trip to South with grandson, 232–36; undercover work by, 137–38; as waiter, 24, 25, 28; wedding anniversary celebrations, 212, 217, 246, 285; work in dye house, 23–24