Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II (62 page)

1.
Francisco Fereza, statement, June 11, 1944, Macmillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand (hereafter MBL).

2.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-8, Tabular Record of Movement,” June 29, 1944,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-8.htm
.

3.
United States vs. Hisashi Ichioka et al.
, Case no. 339, March 30, 1949, p. 46, MBL.

4.
John Alexander McDougall, testimony, Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, pp. 15, 123, MBL.

5.
Hackett and Kingsepp, “HIJMS Submarine I-8,” July 2, 1944.

6.
Mark Felton,
Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan
’s
Naval War Crimes
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2007), p. 153.

7.
Motohide Yanabe, statement, Sugamo Prison, August 30, 1948, p. 4 (also marked as p. 8 of 30), MBL.

8.
Ibid., p. 5, MBL.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid., pp. 5–6.

11.
Ibid., p. 6.

12.
Clay Blair, Jr.,
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 49.

13.
Ibid., pp. 49–51.

14.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 19, 46–47.

15.
Blair,
Silent Victory
, p. 18.

16.
Holmes,
Undersea Victory
, p. 47.

17.
Mochitsura Hashimoto,
Sunk!
(New York: Avon, 1954), pp. 156–57.

18.
United States vs. Hisashi Ichioka et al.
, pp. 36–39, 54, MBL.

19.
Yanabe statement, p. 3, MBL.

20.
United States of America vs. Hisashi Ichioka et al.
, Case no. 339, March 30, 1949, pp. 36, 54, MBL.

21.
Ibid., p. 38.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Hisashi Ichioka, statement, July 6, 1948, Document no. 927, Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, Prosecution Exhibit no. 98, p. 2, MBL.

24.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 272.

25.
Motohide Yanabe, letter, Sugamo Prison, August 23, 1948, p. 2, MBL;
United States vs. Hisashi Ichioka et al.
, p. 38, MBL.

26.
Lord Russell of Liverpool,
Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes During World War II
(New York: Skyhorse, 2008), pp. 213–27.

27.
Ibid.

28.
Swedish Minister in Tokyo to the Imperial Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs, June 5, 1944, Document no. 23221-a, pp. 2, 3, MBL.

29.
Russell of Liverpool,
Knights of Bushido
, pp. 213–27.

30.
Ibid.

31.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 37.

1.
Richard Binkley, interview by author.

2.
John D. Alden,
The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1979), p. 3:79.

3.
Ibid., p. 3:80.

4.
Edward L. Beach,
Run Silent, Run Deep
(New York: Henry Holt, 1955), p. 116.

5.
Alden,
Fleet Submarine in U.S. Navy
, p. 3:79.

6.
Ibid., p. 3:78.

7.
Clay Blair, Jr.,
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 198.

8.
Alden,
Fleet Submarine in U.S. Navy
, p. 3:84.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid., p. 3:105.

11.
Department of the Navy,
Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
(1976), pp. 6:429–30, entry for USS
Segundo
(SS-398),
http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/submar/ss398.txt
.

12.
Beach,
Run Silent, Run Deep
, p. 90.

13.
James D. Fulp, U.S. Navy, Officer Biography Sheet, August 10, 1949, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

14.
James D. Fulp, U.S. Naval Academy, Certificate from Secondary School, June 12, 1928, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

15.
Lt. Cmdr. D. E. Barbey to Col. J. D. Fulp, December 11, 1929, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

16.
Rear Adm. S. S. Robison, Superintendent of U.S. Naval Academy, Special Order no. 2-30, January 3, 1930, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

17.
James D. Fulp, U.S. Naval Academy, Report of Delinquency, December 24, 1929, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

18.
U.S. Naval Academy,
Lucky Bag
Yearbook, Class of 1934, p. 222, at National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, St. Louis.

19.
Michael S. Sanders,
The Yard: Building a Destroyer at the Bath Iron Works
(New York: Perennial, 2001), p. 174.

20.
Beach,
Run Silent, Run Deep
, p. 94.

21.
L. Rodney Johnson, interview by author.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Ibid.

24.
USS
Segundo
(SS 398) Deck Log, July 5, 1944.

25.
Johnson interview.

26.
Blair,
Silent Victory
, pp. 724–27.

1.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 349–50.

2.
Ibid., p. 350.

3.
Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida,
The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II
(Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1996), p. 143; Zenji Orita with Joseph
D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), pp. 214–15.

4.
Boyd and Yoshida,
Japanese Submarine Force
, p. 143.

5.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, pp. 214–15.

6.
W. J. Holmes,
Double-Edged Secrets
(US Naval Institute Press, 1998), p. 172.

7.
Ibid., p. 141.

8.
Ibid., p. 147.

9.
M. G. Sheftall,
Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze
(New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 265.

10.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 144.

11.
Ibid., p. 148.

12.
Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 156.

13.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 158.

14.
Ibid., p. 165.

1.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine
I-8
, Tabular Record of Movement,” October 9, 1944,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-8.htm
.

2.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 106.

3.
Ibid., p. 68.

4.
Ibid., p. 107.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Ibid., p. 268.

7.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 165.

8.
Ibid., p. 167.

9.
Ibid., p. 168.

10.
Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, 3 parts (Japan: privately published, 1996).

11.
R. Kissinger, Jr.,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines, Description of Hull, General Arrangements, and Characteristics
(U.S. Navy, 1946), p. 4.

12.
Seiji Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki ‘
I-400
Gata,
I-13
Gata’ No Kouzou to Seinou [The Construction and Efficiency of the Unparalleled
I-400
and
I-13
],”
Maru
Special,
Japanese Naval Vessels
, no. 13 (Tokyo: Kojinsha, 1977), p. 30.

13.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 4.

14.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 102.

15.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 7.

16.
Thomas O. Paine, “The Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
: Tom Paine’s Journal: July 1945–January 1946,” February 1991,
http://www.pacerfarm.org/i-400/
. Other sources claim the drop may have been as much as thirty feet.

17.
Heiji Kondo, interview by author.

18.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

19.
Takatsuka,
Memories of I-400
, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.

20.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 109.

21.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

22.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 103.

23.
Ibid., p. 101.

24.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 4. The actual length was 102 feet, 3 inches.

25.
Ibid. The actual diameter was 11 feet and 9½ inches. The hangar itself sat 15 inches to starboard of centerline.

26.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 202.

27.
Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki,” p. 30.

28.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 6.

29.
Robert C. Mikesh,
Aichi M6A1 Seiran: Japan
’s
Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber
, Close-Up 13 (Boylston, Mass.: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1975), p. 12.

30.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, pp. 203, 192.

31.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, pp. 100, 101.

32.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 5.

33.
Ibid.

34.
U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan,
Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan
, Series S:
Ship and Related Target
, Index no. S-01-1:
Characteristics of Japanese Naval Vessels
, Article I:
Submarines
(Washington, D.C.: Operational Archives, U.S. Navy History Division, 1946), p.10.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 14.

37.
U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan,
Reports of the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan, Submarines
, p. 10.

38.
The
I-401
’s layout is primarily based on the description provided in the Kissinger Report. See Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, pp. 1–20. Additionally, a rough layout of the sub based on U.S. Navy sources was also referred to. It appears in Norman Polmar and Dorr B.
Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945
(London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 115. Finally, Shizuo Fukui’s
Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of the War
, Administrative Division, Second Demobilization Bureau, April 25, 1947, was also used.

39.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

40.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday, 1966), pp. 11–14.

41.
“Japanese Torpedoes,” Type 95,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/torps.htm
.

42.
Mochitsura Hashimoto,
Sunk!
(New York: Avon, 1954), p. 143.

43.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 17.

44.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
”; Lloyd R. Vasey, “The
I-400
Class of Japanese Submarines,”
Mustang News
[National Order of Battlefield Commissions] 29, no. 3 (Fall 2008).

45.
Vasey, “
I-400
Class of Japanese Submarines.”

46.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, photo on p. 114.

47.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author; Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, pt. 2.

48.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

49.
Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 46.

50.
Atsushi Asamura, “
I-401
Sensuikan to Seiran to Watashi to [The
I-401
Submarine, Seiran and Me],”
Maru
Special,
Japanese Naval Vessels
, no. 13 (1977), pp. 42–43.

51.
Kazuo Takatsu, interview by author.

52.
Tsugio Yata, interview by author.

53.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 66.

54.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, photo on p. 115.

55.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author; Paul Wittmer, interview by author.

56.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 245. The
I-400
also had a doll in her wardroom. See Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), photo on p. 202.

57.
Heiji Kondo, interview by author.

58.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 143.

59.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 217.

60.
Masanori Ito,
The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy: A Japanese Account of the Rise and Fall of Japan
’s
Seapower
(New York: Macfadden Books, 1965), p. 19.

61.
Dr. Ellen Schattschneider, “The Mystery of Mascot Dolls,” Pacific Wrecks.com:
http://www.pacificwrecks.com/history/doll/
.

62.
Sutejiro Shimazu, interview by author.

63.
Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
(Japan: privately published, 1996), pt. 3, September 20, 1974.

64.
Muneo Bando, interview by author.

65.
Ibid.

66.
M. G. Sheftall,
Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze
(New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), p. 368.

67.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 143.

68.
Henry Sakaida, Gary Nila, and Koji Takaki,
I-400: Japan’s Secret Aircraft-Carrying Strike Submarine, Objective Panama Canal
(East Sussex, U.K.: Hikoki, 2006), p. 56.

69.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

70.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 6.

71.
Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author.

72.
Japanese Navy Submarine 1–400 Assembly Instruction Booklet
, Tamiya, p. 19.

73.
Sakaida, Nila, and Takaki,
I-400
, p. 117.

74.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 5.

75.
Ibid.

76.
Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, pt. 1, September 1, 1973.

77.
Ibid.

78.
Harry Arvidson, interview by author.

79.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

80.
Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, pt. 3, September 20, 1974; Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 210.

81.
Orita and Harrington,
I-Boat Captain
, p. 210.

82.
Ibid., p. 250.

83.
Masao Okui, interview by author.

84.
Ibid.

85.
Hashimoto,
Sunk!
, p. 142.

86.
Ibid.

87.
Ibid., p. 47.

88.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, p. 4.

89.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

90.
U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan,
Ship and Related Targets: Characteristics of Japanese Naval Vessels
:
Submarines
, p. 10.

91.
Erminio Bagnasco,
Submarines of World War II
(London: Cassell, 2000), p. 194.

92.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, pp. 1, 10.

93.
U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan,
Ship and Related Targets: Characteristics of Japanese Naval Vessels
:
Submarines
, p. 14.

94.
John E. Long, “Japan’s Undersea Carriers,”
U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings
, June 1950, p. 612.

95.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 206.

96.
Charles A. Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson,
Hellcats of the Sea
(New York: Bantam Books, 1988), p. 67.

97.
Vasey,
I-400 Class of Japanese Submarines
. One source claims there was at least one shower on each of the
I-400
subs.

98.
Shoici Matsutani, interview by author.

99.
Kissinger,
I-400, I-401 Japanese Submarines
, pp. 3, 11.

100.
Paine, “Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
.”

101.
Ibid.

102.
Ibid.

103.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 167.