Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II (66 page)

1.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 219.

2.
Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 197.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 196.

5.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 219.

6.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 195.

7.
Thomas O. Paine, “The Transpacific Voyage of HIJMS
I-400
, Tom Paine’s Journal: July 1945–January 1946,” February 1991,
http://www.pacerfarm.org/i-400/
.

8.
Max Hastings,
Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–1945
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), p. 313.

9.
Ibid., p. 300; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 206.

10.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 246. Nambu contradicts himself here, since he notes on p. 186 that the
I-404
was built in Sasebo. Nevertheless, the
I-404
appears to have been laid down in Kure on July 7, 1944.

11.
Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 303; Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter,
Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945
(London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), p. 111. Nambu, in
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, does not mention the
I-404
being sunk by U.S. planes, but he does say it was dismantled after the war (p. 246).

12.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 134; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 246; Seiji Azuma, “Sekai Ni Hirui Naki ‘
I-400
Gata,
I-13
Gata’ No Kouzou to Seinou [The Construction and Efficiency of the Unparalleled
I-400
and
I-13
],”
Maru
Special,
Japanese Naval Vessels
, no. 13 (Tokyo: Kojinsha, 1977), p. 28.

13.
Erminio Bagnasco,
Submarines of World War II
(London: Cassell, 2000), p. 194.

14.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 216.

15.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 196.

16.
João Paulo Julião Matsuura, “Nakajima C6N
Saiun
(Painted Cloud),”
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/ijna/c6n.htm
.

17.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 196.

18.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 216.

19.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 195.

20.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 216.

21.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 194, 212; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 216.

22.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 191–92.

23.
Clay Blair, Jr.,
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975), p. 868.

24.
James D. Hornfischer,
Ship of Ghosts
(New York: Bantam Books, 2007), p. 393.

25.
Ibid., pp. 392–93.

26.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 217.

27.
Ibid.; Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 194.

28.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 161.

29.
Ibid., p. 219. Sato, in
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
(p. 196), recalls the date as July 22, while Takahashi, in
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
(p. 198), says the subs arrived on July 21. Asamura recalls the date even earlier, saying it was July 13; see Atsushi Asamura, interview,
Rekishi Gunzou
, Issue no. 85, October 10, 2007, Gakken, pp. 154–59. As a result, it’s difficult to know with confidence which date is correct, but July 22 seems most likely.

30.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 198.

31.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 198.

32.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 198.

33.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 198.

34.
Ibid., pp. 196–97. Eyewitness accounts suggest the
I-400 Seiran
may have been painted at Maizuru, while the
I-401
planes were painted later at Ominato.

35.
Heiji Kondo, interview by author; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 198.

36.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 198.

37.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 199.

38.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 219.

39.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

40.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 219.

41.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 202.

42.
Chin-Ji Inouye, interview by author.

43.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 220.

1.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 202.

2.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 220.

3.
Zenji Orita with Joseph D. Harrington,
I-Boat Captain: How Japan
’s
Submarine Force Almost Defeated the U.S. Navy in the Pacific!
(Canoga Park, Calif.: Major Books, 1976), p. 300; Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 199.

4.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 203; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 220.

5.
Ibid., p. 199.

6.
Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
(Japan: privately published, 1996).

7.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 199.

8.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 200.

9.
Ibid, p. 202.

10.
Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa
I-400
Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta (I was a witness to the
I-400
surrender],”
Maru
[magazine], September 1976, p. 82.

11.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 202, 204.

12.
Ibid.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Ibid., p. 203.

15.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 194, 212.

16.
Correspondence with Carl Boyd.

1.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 217.

2.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 193.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Ibid., p. 190.

6.
Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa
I-400
Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta [I was a witness to the
I-400
surrender],”
Maru
[magazine], September 1976, p. 81.

7.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 188, 189, 215.

8.
Ibid., p. 190.

9.
Ibid., p. 216.

10.
Ibid.

11.
Ibid., p. 215.

12.
Atsushi Asamura, interview by author.

13.
Ibid.

14.
Ikuhiko Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
[
Historical Aviation Stories of World War II
], trans. Shojo Jonda and Sandy Kita (Japan: Chuukou Bunko, n.d.), chap. 10; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 222.

15.
Hata,
Dainiji Taisen Koukuju Shiwa
, chap. 10.

16.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 222.

17.
Ibid., p. 221.

18.
Atsushi Asamura, “
I-401
Sensuikan to
Seiran
to Watashi to [The
I-401
Submarine,
Seiran
and Me],”
Maru
Special,
Japanese Naval Vessels
, no. 13, 1977, pp. 42–43.

19.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 222 quoting Atsushi Asamura; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 221.

20.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 221.

21.
Asamura, “
I-401
Sensuikan to
Seiran
to Watashi,” pp. 42–43; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 221.

22.
Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), pp. 200, 201.

23.
Ibid., p. 116.

24.
Ibid., p. 118.

25.
Michael Wilson,
A Submariner
’s
War: The Indian Ocean 1939–1945
(Gloucestershire, U.K.: Spellmount, 2008), p. 103.

26.
M. G. Sheftall,
Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze
(New York: NAL Caliber, 2006), pp. 333–34.

27.
Ibid., pp. 237–38.

28.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 200.

29.
Shoichi Matsutani, interview by author; Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.

30.
Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.

31.
Ibid.

32.
Namura, “Watashi wa
I-400
Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta,” p. 82.

33.
Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
, pt. 2, March 1, 1974.

34.
Ibid.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Ibid.

37.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 203.

38.
Tsugio Yata, interview by author.

39.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 220.

40.
Nobukiyo Nambu, interview by author.

41.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 202.

42.
Ibid. Some accounts suggest this date was August 14.

43.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 223.

44.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 202.

45.
Ibid.

1.
W. J. Holmes,
Undersea Victory: The Influence of Submarine Operations on the War in the Pacific
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. 481.

2.
Carlo M. Carlucci, interview by author.

3.
Ibid.

4.
USS
Segundo
(SS 398), Fifth War Patrol Report, Prologue,
http://www.segundo398.org/patrol_reports/patrol5.pdf
.

5.
Ibid.

6.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

7.
USS
Segundo
(SS 398) Deck Log, August 10, 1945.

8.
Victor S. Horgan, interview by author.

9.
Steve L. Johnson, Jr., interview by author.

10.
Nobukiyo Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo: Sensuikuubo I-401 Kanchou No Shuki
[
Surprise Attack on the American Fleet! Memoir of the I-401 Aircraft-Carrying Submarine by Its Captain
] (Tokyo: Fuami Shobo, 1988), p. 226.

11.
Hidetoshi Namura, “Watashi wa
I-400
Sen Yojo Kofuku no tachianinin datta [I was a witness to the
I-400
surrender],”
Maru
[magazine], September 1976, p. 82.

12.
Kazuo Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
[
Divine Dragon Special Attack Unit
] (Tokyo: Koujinsha, 2001), p. 202.

13.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 226.

14.
Tsugio Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
[
Phantom Submarine Carrier
] (Tokyo: Kabushiki Gaisha Kojin-sha, 1989), p. 192.

15.
Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, “Sensuikan! IJN Submarine
I-13
, Tabular Record of Movement,” August 1, 1945,
CombinedFleet.com
,
http://www.CombinedFleet.com/I-13.htm
.

16.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, pp. 203, 200.

17.
Kazuo Takatsuka,
Memories of the I-400
(Japan: privately published, 1996), pt. 3, September 20, 1974.

18.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 201.

19.
Ibid., p. 202.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Ibid, p. 203.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 231.

24.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
, p. 203.

25.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 231.

26.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 223; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, pp. 229, 223.

27.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, pp. 220, 225.

28.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 226.

29.
Ibid., p. 223.

30.
Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 223.

31.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 226.

32.
Ibid., p. 227.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Takahashi,
Shinryu Tokubetsu Kogekitai
p. 204; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 228.

35.
Ibid., p. 204; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 228; Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 227.

36.
Nambu,
Beikidoukantai wo Kishuseyo
, p. 228; Sato,
Maboroshi no Sensui Kubo
, p. 223.