Outlaw Marriages (38 page)

20
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 149; Williams to Elizabeth Schauffler and Audrey Wood, January 1948, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin.

21
. Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 153; Williams to Elizabeth Schauffler and Audrey Wood, January 1948, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center; Williams to Elia Kazan, January 25, 1948, Wesleyan University Cinema Archives, Middletown, Connecticut.

22
. Ronald Hayman,
Tennessee Williams: Everyone Else Is an Audience
(New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1993), 125.

23
. Williams journal entry May 29, 1949, reprinted in Margaret Bradham Thornton, ed.,
Notebooks: Tennessee Williams
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 485.

24
. Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 146.

25
. Williams,
Memoirs
, 155.

26
. Ibid.; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 146.

27
. Williams journal entries May 29, 1949, and December 30, 1953, reprinted in Thornton,
Notebooks
, 501, 607.

28
. Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 241, 244.

29
. Ibid., 169.

30
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 153, 258; Thornton,
Notebooks
, 486.

31
. Williams,
Memoirs
, 189.

32
. Hayman,
Tennessee Williams
, 136; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 171; Williams,
Memoirs
, 162.

33
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 165; Williams to Paul Bigelow, August 3, 1950, and to Carson McCullers, April 1950, Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Williams to Cheryl Crawford, June 9, 1950, Billy Rose Theatre Collection, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Lincoln Center, New York.

34
. Brooks Atkinson, “At the Theatre,”
New York Times
, February 5, 1951, 33; Claudia Cassidy, “‘Rose Tattoo' a Stimulating Drama in Bud,”
Chicago Tribune
, December 31, 1950, 5; Hayman,
Tennessee Williams
, 137.

35
. Williams to Audrey Wood, March 27, 1950, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center.

36
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 195; Williams to Cheryl Crawford, June 1954, Billy Rose Theatre Collection; Williams to Cheryl Crawford, August 23, 1954, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center.

37
. Hayman,
Tennessee Williams
, 165–66; Spoto,
Kindness
, 179, 193; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 248.

38
. Brooks Atkinson, “Theatre: Tennessee Williams' ‘Cat,'”
New York Times
, March 25, 1955, 18; John Chapman, “Acting Excellent, but Williams Play Lacks Purpose,”
Chicago Tribune
, March 26, 1955, 13; Walter Winchell, “The Broadway Lights,”
Washington Post
, March 14, 1955, 35.

39
. Charles Grutzner, “Pulitzer Winners,”
New York Times
, May 3, 1955, 1; “Williams' Drama Cited by Critics,”
New York Times
, April 13, 1955, 33.

40
. Williams,
Memoirs
, 188.

41
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 239.

42
. John Chapman, “Theatre Reviews,”
New York Daily News
, December 29, 1961, 44; T. E. Kalem, “The Angel of the Odd,”
Time
, March 9, 1962, 53; Dorothy Kilgallen, “New York's a Winter Playground,”
Washington Post
, January 28, 1962, G6.

43
. For articles about Williams's personal life that do not talk about his sexuality, see Brooks Atkinson, “His Bizarre Images Can't Be Denied,”
New York Times
, November 26, 1961, BR1; Richard L. Coe, “It's Williams in a Nutshell,”
Washington Post
, November 11, 1961, A13; Robert Kirsch, “Two Studies of Tennessee Williams,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 27, 1961, A5; “Tennessee Williams Seeks New Subjects,”
Los Angeles Times
, August 4, 1962, A8.

44
. Sam Zolotov, “‘Iguana' Is Cited by Critics Circle,”
New York Times
, April 11, 1962, 46.

45
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 162; Williams journal entry August 12, 1954, reprinted in Thornton,
Notebooks
, 651; Williams to Gore Vidal, August 13, 1951, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

46
. Jed Horne, “A Playwright Lives His Greatest Drama,”
People Weekly
, May 26, 1975, 37; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 241, 244; Williams to Carson McCullers, July 15, 1953, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center.

47
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 242; Margaret A. Van Antwerp, “Unbeastly Williams,”
Newsweek
, June 17, 1960, 96.

48
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 242.

49
. Williams,
Memoirs
, 183.

50
. Ibid., 183.

51
. Horne, “Playwright Lives,” 37; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 247.

52
. Williams,
Memoirs
, 193.

53
. Ibid., 194.

54
. Michiko Kakutani, “Tennessee Williams,”
New York Times
, August 13, 1981, C17; T. E. Kalem, “The Angel of the Odd,”
Time
, March 9, 1962, 53.

55
. Spoto,
Kindness
, 264, 291; Williams and Mead,
Tennessee Williams
, 241. The poet was Frederick Nicklaus, and the paid companion was William Glavin.

56
. Clive Barnes, “Theater: ‘In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel,'”
New York Times
, May 12, 1969, 54; “Torpid Tennessee,”
Time
, May 23, 1969, 75.

57
. Goldman, “Tennessee Williams,” A20.

58
. Carla Hall and Mary Battiata, “Celebrating the Celebrated,”
Washington Post
, December 8, 1980, B1; Richard F. Shepard, “TV: ‘Kennedy Center Honors' Celebrates the Performing Arts,”
New York Times
, December 29, 1979, 42.

59
. Christiansen, “Tennessee Williams,” B11.

60
. Goldman, “Tennessee Williams,” A1; Mel Gussow, “Tennessee Williams Is Dead Here at 71,”
New York Times
, 1; Smith, “Tennessee Williams,” B6. The seven plays listed in the tribute were
The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, Summer
and Smoke, The Rose Tattoo, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Sweet Bird of Youth
, and
The Night of the Iguana
.

61
. For the quote, see Goldman, “Tennessee Williams,” A19. For other obituaries and tributes that referred to Merlo, see Christiansen, “Last Curtain,” 2; Barbara Kantrowitz, “Tennessee Williams Is Dead,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, February 26, 1983, A1, A4; Smith, “Tennessee Williams,” B6; “Tennessee Williams Found Dead at 71,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, February 26, 1983, 1, 12.

1
. On Baldwin's early years, see James Campbell,
Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 3–45; David Leeming,
James Baldwin: A Biography
(New York: Knopf, 1994), 3–55. Baldwin's mother was Emma Berdis Jones, and his stepfather was David Baldwin.

2
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 26, 37–42.

3
. Ibid., 33.

4
. James Baldwin, “The Harlem Ghetto,”
Commentary
, February 1948, 165–70; James Baldwin, “Maxim Gorki as Artist,”
Nation
, April 12, 1947, 427–28; Robert Coles, “James Baldwin Back Home,”
New York Times
, July 31, 1977, BR1.

5
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 50–57; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 56.

6
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 50–57.

7
. Ibid., 60–61; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 74–79; W. J. Weatherby,
James Baldwin: Artist on Fire
(New York: Donald I. Fine, 1989), 90–92.

8
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 60–61; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 74–79; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 90–92.

9
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 60.

10
. Ibid., 60–61; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 74–79; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 90–92.

11
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 75.

12
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 61; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 90.

13
.
James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket
documentary, directed by Karen Thorsen, California Newsreel, 1990.

14
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 79.

15
.
Price of the Ticket
documentary.

16
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 75; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 75, 79.

17
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 75–76, 322.

18
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 61.

19
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 76.

20
. Ibid., 80.

21
. Ibid.; Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 61; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 98.

22
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 80.

23
. James Baldwin,
Go Tell It on the Mountain
(New York: Knopf, 1953).

24
. “Lord, Hold My Hand,”
Time
, May 18, 1953, 126; Anthony West, “Books,”
New Yorker
, June 20, 1953, 93.

25
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 91, 322; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 102.

26
.
Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 94–95.

27
. Ibid., 95, 100. James Baldwin,
Notes of a Native Son
(Boston: Beacon, 1955).

28
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 94–95; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 99.

29
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 95; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 99; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 108.

30
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 104–5; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 111.

31
. James Baldwin,
Giovanni's Room
(New York: Dial, 1956).

32
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 99, 154–55.

33
. D. B., “Giovanni's Room,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, December 2, 1956, 24; Katherine Gauss Jackson, “Books in Brief,”
Harper's
, November 1956.

34
. For articles about Baldwin that did not mention his sexuality, see Esther Greenberg, “Skip Size, Shape and Shrinkage in Choosing Fiction,”
Washington Post
, November 25, 1956, E7; Granville Hicks, “Tormented Triangle,”
New York Times
, October 14, 1956, BR3; “A Sophisticated Fare for Trained Appetites,”
Washington Post
, October 14, 1956, E7.

35
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 154–55.

36
. Ibid., 119–20.

37
. James Baldwin,
Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son
(New York: Dial, 1961), 13.

38
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 180.

39
. Ibid., 287; Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 170.

40
. Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 171–72, 245.

41
. Ibid., 189.

42
. James Baldwin,
Another Country
(New York: Dial, 1962).

43
. William Barrett, “Weight of the City,”
Atlantic Monthly
, July 1962, 110; “New York Cacophony,”
Time
, June 29, 1962, 76; Charles Poore, “Books of the Times,”
New York Times
, June 26, 1962, 31.

44
. Henry Raymont, “Publishers Fight Baldwin Book Ban,”
New York Times
, June 30, 1963, 47; Weatherby,
James Baldwin
, 191.

45
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 116.

46
. Ibid., 197.

47
. Ibid.; Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 153.

48
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 61.

49
. James Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
(New York: Dial, 1963).

50
. William Barrett, “Reader's Choice,”
Atlantic Monthly
, March 1963, 156; R. J. Dwyer, “I Know about the Negroes and the Poor,”
National Review
, December 17, 1963, 517; Saul Maloff, “Love: The Movement Within,”
Nation
, March 2, 1963, 181.

51
. Bart Barnes, “James Baldwin, Playwright, Novelist, Dies,”
Washington Post
, December 2, 1987, A1.

52
.
New York Times
, “Kennedy Blamed by Baldwin,”
New York Times
, May 13, 1963, 25; Layhmond Robinson, “Robert Kennedy Consults Negroes Here About North,” May 25, 1963, 1; Layhmond Robinson, “Robert Kennedy Fails to Sway Negroes at Secret Talks Here,” May 26, 1963, 1; Anthony Lewis, “Robert Kennedy Confers Today with Theater Men on Race Issue,” May 27, 1963, 1; “3 Negro Speakers on TV
Hold Kennedy Leadership Inadequate,” June 25, 1963, 13.