Outlaw Marriages (39 page)

53
. “At the Root of the Negro Problem,”
Time
, May 17, 1963, 26.

54
. Bernard Gavzer, “Rides Crest of Historic Wave,”
Los Angeles Times
, June 30, 1963, B1, B11; M. S. Handler, “James Baldwin Rejects Despair Despite Race ‘Drift and Danger,'”
New York Times
, June 3, 1963, A1, A19; James Reston, “‘I Have a Dream …,'”
New York Times
, August 29, 1963, 1.

55
. Nat Hentoff, “James Baldwin Gets ‘Older and Sadder,'”
New York Times
, April 11, 1965, X1.

56
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 189; Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 233.

57
. Barnes, “James Baldwin,” A1.

58
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 322.

59
. James Baldwin,
No Name in the Street
(New York: Dial, 1972);
If Beale Street Could Talk
(New York: Dial, 1974);
The Devil Finds Work
(New York: Dial, 1976);
Just Above My Head
(New York: Dial, 1979). On Baldwin's early books being stronger than his later ones, see Peter S. Prescott, “The Dilemma of a Native Son,”
Newsweek
, December 14, 1987, 86.

60
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 331–32.

61
. Ibid., 334; Baldwin to David Baldwin, October 3, 1975, James Baldwin Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York.

62
. Leeming,
James Baldwin
, 355–56.

63
. Ibid., 372.

64
. Ibid., 385.

65
. “James Baldwin's Fire,”
New York Times
, December 2, 1987, A34; Lee Daniels, “James Baldwin, the Writer, Dies in France at 63,”
New York Times
, December 1, 1987, D27; Mark Feeney, “James Baldwin Dies,”
Boston Globe
, December 2, 1987, A1; “Novelist James Baldwin Dies in France at 63,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 1, 1987, A1.

66
. On obituaries and tributes that did not mention Happersberger, see Barnes, “James Baldwin,” A1; Daniels, “James Baldwin,” D27; Mark Feeney, “James Baldwin Dies,”
Boston Globe
, December 2, 1987, A1; “James Baldwin's Fire,”
New York Times
, December 2, 1987, A34; “Novelist James Baldwin Dies in France at 63,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 1, 1963, A1; Peter Prescott, “The Dilemma of a Native Son,”
Newsweek
, December 14, 1987, 86.

67
. Campbell,
Talking at the Gates
, 232; Lee Daniels, “Friends Gather to Celebrate Baldwin's Gifts,”
New York Times
, December 9, 1987, B1; Marianne Yen, “An Emotional Farewell to Baldwin,”
Washington Post
, December 9, 1987, B3.

1
. On Rauschenberg's early years, see Mary Lynn Kotz,
Rauschenberg: Art and Life
(New York: Abrams, 2004), 47–85; Calvin Tomkins,
Off the Wall: Robert Rauschenberg and the Art World of Our Time
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), 14–34. Rauschenberg's parents were Ernest Rauschenberg and Dora Matson Rauschenberg.

2
. Kotz,
Rauschenberg
, 56.

3
. Ibid., 60–61, 69, 71.

4
. Ibid., 74.

5
. Ibid., 71, 82; James Fitzsimmons, “Art,”
Arts and Architecture
, October 1953, 33–

6
.
On Johns's early years, see Grace Glueck, “‘Once Established,' Says Jasper Johns, ‘Ideas Can Be Discarded,'”
New York Times
, October 16, 1977, B1, B31; Deborah Solomon, “The Unflagging Artistry of Jasper Johns,”
New York Times Magazine
, June 19, 1988, 20–23, 63–65; Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 110–11. Johns's parents were William Jasper Johns and Jean Riley Johns.

7
. Glueck, “‘Once Established,'” B31.

8
. Jonathan Katz, “The Art of Code: Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg,” in Whitney Chadwick and Isabelle de Courtivron, eds.,
Significant Others: Creativity & Intimate Partnership
(New York: Thames Hudson, 1993), 191; Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 23; Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 111.

9
. Barbaralee Diamonstein Spielvogel,
Inside the Art World: Conversations with Barbaralee Diamonstein
(New York: Rizzoli, 1994), 116.

10
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 111.

11
. Glueck, “‘Once Established,'” B31.

12
. Jo Ann Lewis, “Jasper Johns, Personally Speaking,”
Washington Post
, May 16, 1990, F6.

13
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 118.

14
. Katz, “Art of Code,” 197.

15
. Kotz,
Rauschenberg
, 76.

16
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 134.

17
. Ibid., 135. The piece with the hen is
Untitled
, and the piece with the Coke bottles is
Coca Cola Plan
.

18
. Kotz,
Rauschenberg
, 91; Matt Schudel, “Innovative Mind Found Art in the Unwanted,”
Washington Post
, May 14, 2008, A1; Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 136. The piece with the goat is
Monogram
.

19
. Leo Steinberg, “Jasper Johns: The First Seven Years of His Art,” in
Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-century Art
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 27.

20
. Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 63.

21
. Ibid.

22
. The piece is
Flag
.

23
. Jasper Johns interview with Walter Hopps,
Artforum
, March 1965.

24
. Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 63.

25
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 141–142.

26
. Ibid., 144; Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 63. The four paintings purchased by the museum were
Flag, Green Target, White Numbers
, and
Target with Four Faces
.

27
. Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 63.

28
. Ibid.; Glueck, “‘Once Established,'” B1.

29
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 142–43, 145.

30
. Ibid., 133–34.

31
. Glueck, “‘Once Established,'” B31; Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 187.

32
. Kotz,
Rauschenberg
, 98.

33
. Ibid., 99.

34
. Dore Ashton, “Rauschenberg's Illustrations for Dante's Inferno,”
Arts and Architecture
,
February 1961, 4; Roberta Smith, “Art: Drawings by Robert Rauschenberg, 1958–68,”
New York Times
, October 31, 1986, C28.

35
. Glueck, “‘Once Established,'” B31; Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 184.

36
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 184.

37
. Katz, “Art of Code,” 202; Smith, “Art: Drawings,” C28.

38
. Martin Duberman, “Is There Room for Privacy on Canvas?”
New York Times
, September 7, 1997, H89; Katz, “Art of Code,” 189; John Russell, “Rauschenberg and Johns: Mr. Outside and Mr. Inside,”
New York Times
, February 15, 1987, H33, H34; Smith, “Art: Drawings,” C28.

39
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 197–98.

40
. Ibid., 198, 224, 291–92.

41
. Paul Taylor, “Robert Rauschenberg: ‘I can't even afford my works anymore,'”
Interview
, December 1990, 146.

42
. John D'Emilio,
Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 40–53.

43
. Lewis, “Jasper Johns,” F6; Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 65.

44
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 206.

45
. Ibid., 208.

46
. Max Kozloff,
Nation
, December 7, 1963; Brian O'Doherty, “Robert Rauschenberg,”
New York Times
, April 28, 1963, X13.

47
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 160, 209. The first work acquired by the museum was
First Landing Jump
.

48
. Kotz,
Rauschenberg
, 110; “Venice Prize Goes to Rauschenberg,”
New York Times
, June 20, 1964, 23.

49
. Robert Levinson, “Gemini and the Rebirth of Graphics,”
Los Angeles Times
, January 24, 1971, U24; Solomon, “Unflagging Artistry,” 20–23, 64; Jean M. White, “USIA Venice Exhibition Will Lean to ‘Pop Art,'”
Washington Post
, April 3, 1964, A3.

50
. Michael Kimmelman, “Robert Rauschenberg, American Artist, Dies at 82,”
New York Times
, May 14, 2008, A1; Schudel, “Innovative Mind,” A16.

51
.
New York Times
, Alan Riding, “A Debut in Venice for a Coveted Art Collection, Originally Bound for Paris,” May 1, 2006, E3; Carol Vogel, “Met Buys Its First Painting by Jasper Johns,” October 29, 1998, E1; Carol Vogel, “Works by Johns and de Kooning Sell for $143.5 Million,” October 22, 2006, E1.

52
. Blake Gopnik, “Robert Rauschenberg, Alchemist of the Mundane,”
Washington Post
, May 14, 2008, C1; Kimmelman, “Robert Rauschenberg,” A1; Kotz,
Rauschenberg
, 190; Smith, “Art: Drawings,” C28.

53
. Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 300.

54
. Ibid.; Schudel, “Innovative Mind,” A16.

55
. Kimmelman, “Robert Rauschenberg,” A1; Schudel, “Innovative Mind,” A16; Tomkins,
Off the Wall
, 213–14, 289.

56
. Kimmelman, “Robert Rauschenberg,” A1; Christopher Knight, “Robert Rauschenberg, 1925–2008,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 14, 2008, A1; Mitch Stacy, “Pop Artist Robert Rauschenberg Dead at 82,”
Seattle Times
, May 14, 2008, A1 (distributed by the Associated Press).

1
. On Ivory's early years, see Robert Emmet Long,
The Films of Merchant Ivory
(New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999), 27–30; John Pym,
The Wandering Company: Twenty-one Years of Merchant Ivory Films
(London: British Film Institute, 1999), 18–23. Ivory's parents were Edward Ivory and Hallie DeLoney Ivory.

2
. Pym,
Wandering Company
, 20.

3
. Ibid.; James Morrison, “James Ivory,” in
International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers
, vol. 2:
Directors
, Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, eds. (Detroit: St. James Press, 2000), 469–72.

4
. Morrison, “James Ivory,” 469–72; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 29.

5
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 30; David Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,”
Washington Blade
, May 18, 2001, 39.

6
. On Merchant's early years, see Philip Kemp, “Ismail Merchant,” in
International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers
, vol. 2:
Directors
, Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, eds. (Detroit: St. James Press, 2000), 590–91; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 12–16; Pym,
Wandering Company
, 14–17. Merchant's parents were Noormohamed Rehman and Hazrabi Rehman.

7
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 14.

8
. Kemp, “Ismail Merchant,” 590–91; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 14.

9
. Kemp, “Ismail Merchant,” 590–91; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 14.

10
. Adam Bernstein, “Ismail Merchant, of Merchant-Ivory Films, Dies,”
Washington Post
, May 26, 2005, B6; Vibhuti Patel, “Ismail Merchant, 1936–2005,”
Newsweek
, June 6, 2005, 95.

11
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 16.

12
. Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39; Pym,
Wandering Company
, 18.

13
. Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39; Pym,
Wandering Company
, 18.

14
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 40–44; Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39; Pym,
Wandering Company
, 13.

15
. Pym,
Wandering Company
, 23–29.

16
. Nigel Farndale, “Interview with Film Director James Ivory,”
FilmLife
, April 18, 2010; Carla Hall, “Merchant Ivory, Making Beautiful Films Together,”
Washington Post
, October 25, 1987, F5; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 18, 32. The actress who made the statement was Madhur Jaffrey.

17
. Farndale, “Interview”; Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 13, 18, 32.

18
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 18, 30.

19
. Ibid., 18, 41, 83.

20
. Ibid., 18.

21
. Ibid., 96; Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39.

22
.
The Europeans
was released in 1979.

23
. Roger Ebert, “The Europeans,”
Chicago Sun-Times
, February 22, 1980; Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 130.

24
.
The Bostonians
was released in 1984.

25
. Vanessa Redgrave won her Academy Award for best supporting actress in 1977's
Julia
.