Phoenix Program (85 page)

Diem and,
41
,
52–54

overthrow of,
417–419

Nguyen Van Thieu, cont.

political style of,
188–189
,
256–257
,
304–306

as president,
69
,
148
,
185–186
,
294
,
297
,
303
,
374
,
393

repressive measures of,
394–395
,
401–402
,
406–407

Nguyen Van Ve,
348

Nguyen Van Vinh,
397
,
399

Nguyen Van Y,
41
,
53

Nha, Mr.,
370

Nha Trang,
186

Nhu, Madame,
52

Nhu, Ngo Dinh,
see
Ngo Dinh Nhu

NIC (National Interrogation Center),
77
,
78
,
84
,
85
,
121
,
176
,
221

Nicaragua, antiterror operations in,
426–428

Nixon, Richard M.,
186
,
253
,
313
,
327
,
328
,
402
,
411–412
,
415

domestic dissent suppressed by,
336–338

Nixon Doctrine,
254
,
327

see also
Vietnamization

NLF (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam),
38–39
,
46
,
52
,
87
,
283

Nooter, Robert,
366

North, Oliver,
425
,
427
,
428
,
429

North Vietnam,
see
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of

NPFF,
see
Field Police

NPIC (National Police Interrogation Center),
79
,
103
,
123
,
149
,
156
,
186
,
221

NSC (National Security Council),
31
,
42
,
301

Nunn, Sam,
427

Nuremberg War Crimes Trials,
312

Nutter, Warren,
298–299
,
366

NVA (North Vietnamese Army):

casualties in,
223

and end of Vietnam War,
393
,
415–419

intelligence operations by and against,
48
,
55
,
88
,
175
,
273

in Tet offensive,
178–179

OCO (Office of Civil Operations),
115–116
,
118

Ogden, Keith,
205
,
406

O'Keefe, John,
267–270

Operation MONGOOSE,
48

Operation Phoenix,
425

OPLANS,
12
,
53
,
60
,
79n
,
169

O'Reilly, John,
72
,
320

“Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam 1954–1960” (Zasloff),
28

Orr, David,
405

Orwell, George,
89

Osborn, Bart,
307–308
,
347
,
376
,
382

O'Shea, Connie,
389
,
395–396
,
399–400
,
403

Osiris,
62

Osnos, Peter,
388

Ott, David,
298

Owen, Dwight,
343n
,
428

Owen, Robert,
428

PA&E (Pacific Architects and Engineers),
81
,
310

pacification:

accelerated,
see
APC

differing philosophies of,
89–90

general staff for,
see
ICEX

see also specific operations

Palmer, Bruce,
204

Panay, Colonel,
330

Paris Peace Talks,
253
,
257
,
275
,
280
,
404

Park Chung Hee,
77

Parker, Evan, Jr.,
133–140
,
148
,
152
,
157
,
175
,
180
,
183
,
184
,
232
,
233
,
235
,
278
,
323
,
342
,
424

background and career of,
133–134

interviews with,
135–137
,
143–145
,
147
,
149
,
150
,
153–154
,
167
,
191
,
257
,
277
,
281

Parks, Michael,
374

Pastora, Eden,
427–428

Pat (paramilitary),
80

PATs (Political Action Teams),
59
,
63
,
70
,
74
,
75
,
124
,
180

PCOC (Phoenix Coordinators Orientation Course),
261

Pearlman, Mark,
422

Pearson, William,
135

Peartt, Robert,
160
,
254

Peck, Gregory,
338

Peers, William,
114
,
342
,
343
,
344
,
346

Pelton, Major,
399

penetration units,
109–112
,
119
,
370

Pennington, Lee,
415

People's Self-Defense Forces,
254

Personalist Labor party,
see
Can Lao Nham Vi

Petry, Chuck,
94

Pham, Colonel,
417

Pham Ngoc Thao,
42
,
50
,
52
,
54

Pham Quat Tan,
269

Pham Tuong,
57–58

Pham Van Cao,
186
,
189
,
356

Pham Van Kinh,
285

Pham Van Liem,
352
,
357
,
409

Phan Huu Nhon,
184

Philippines, intelligence models developed in,
25
,
44
,
62

Phillips, Rufus,
29

Phillips, William,
376–377

PHMIS (Phung Hoang Management Information System),
259
,
261

“Phoenix Murders, The” (Treaster),
285

Phoenix/Phung Hoang: A Study of Wartime
Intelligence Management
(Johnson),
33

Phoenix program,
9–18
,
57–429

atrocities aided by,
340–350

Cambodian invasion and,
328
,
330–332

CIA-MACV conflicts in,
115
,
176
,
182
,
190
,
204
,
209
,
212

conflicting objectives in evolution of,
94
,
98–99
,
112
,
115

contemporary implications of,
13–14
,
420–429

cornerstones of,
32
,
45
,
108–109

Da Nang operations as example of,
351–361

differing perspectives on,
101–102
,
203–205
,
264–265
,
316–317
,
321
,
326
,
349
,
371
,
374
,
392
,
398

dissolution and final days of,
389–419

legality of,
376–388

objectives of,
13
,
38
,
39
,
60

orientation materials for,
260–264

prototypes and models for,
12
,
26
,
40
,
57–72
,
111

reasons for mismanagement of,
308–310
,
322–323

reorganizations of,
266–280
,
362–375

Senate hearings on,
313–322

as synthesis of intelligence networks,
99
,
101
,
113–141

Phoenix Program: Planned Assassination or Legimate Conflict Management, The
(Johnson),
44
,
376

Phong, Major General,
393
,
394

Pho Quoc Chu,
187

“Phung Hoang Fiasco, The” (Komer),
322–323
,
327

Phung Hoang program,
122
,
148
,
149
,
181
,
230
,
232
,
261–262
,
283
,
287
,
304
,
322
,
355
,
374
,
393

see also
Phoenix program

Phuoc Le interrogation center, as PIC model,
80–81

Picard, Bernard,
182

PICCs (Province Intelligence Coordinating Committees),
74
,
79
,
80
,
86

PICs (province interrogation centers),
76–86
,
99

operations and purposes of,
81–86
,
109
,
126
,
151–157
,
265
,
316
,
325–326

origin and development of,
76–81

PICs (
cont
.)

as Phoenix program foundation,
108–109
,
132
,
234
,
352

Pierce, Danny L.,
188
,
268

Pike, Otis,
273
,
411
,
428

Pineda, Major,
424

Pink Plan,
424–425

PIOCCs (Province Intelligence Operations Coordination Centers),
142
,
157
,
160
,
173
,
181
,
189
,
190
,
202
,
206
,
225
,
296
,
325

plausible denial, in political warfare,
47–48
,
49
,
60
,
72
,
133
,
296

Playboy,
414

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization),
424

Polgar, Tom,
295
,
390
,
394
,
408
,
417
,
428

Poindexter, John,
428

political warfare,
43–51
,
54–56
,
160
,
335–336

defectors in,
48–49
,
51
,
83
,
112
,
281–282

forced relocation in,
50–51

“local initiatives” and,
45
,
54–55

objectives of,
46–47
,
50

plausible denial in,
47–48
,
49
,
60
,
72
,
133
,
296

propaganda in,
43–44
,
47–49
,
54

terrorism in,
44–46
,
55–56

Popular Force,
36–37
,
75
,
86
,
99
,
189

Potter, Phil “Potts,”
277
,
294–296
,
394

Prairie Fire operation,
90
,
193

PRG (Provisional Revolutionary Government),
280
,
291

prison system, Phoenix program's creation of,
347–350

Project
404
,
90

Project Gamma,
211

Project
24
,
76

propaganda,
43–44
,
47–49
,
54

PRP (People's Revolutionary Party),
19
,
38–39
,
138

PRU (Provincial Reconnaissance Units),
117
,
141
,
150
,
177–178
,
201–202
,
207
,
255–256
,
272
,
276
,
277
,
301
,
314
,
409

CIA management of,
294–296
,
347
,
369–370

counterterror activities of,
264
,
267
,
283
,
285
,
316–319
,
351–361
,
383

development and objectives of,
162–173

as Phoenix program foundation,
132
,
160
,
234
,
265
,
326

psychological warfare,
25–26
,
34
,
44–45
,
57–73
,
107–108

anti-VCI operations in,
280–290

Census Grievance program and,
66–67
,
72–73

eye of God in,
61–62
,
283

terrorism and torture in,
59–60
,
61–63
,
65
,
107–108
Psywar Groups,
292

Public Safety,
35
,
36
,
74–75
,
82
,
92
,
93
,
94
,
97
,
99
,
152
,
208
,
300

PVT (PRU adviser),
179–180
,
351
,
352
,
354–355
,
409
,
416–419

Quiet American, The
(Greene),
32

Quinn, Ken,
404
,
417

Quoc Dan Dang,
136

Race, Jeffrey,
32
,
33
,
41
,
46
,
258
,
265