Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (87 page)

125
. Shchapov,
Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov’,
p. 36.

126
. GARF R-130/2/160, 2; see also Shchapov,
Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov’,
pp. 40–41; on the cult of the saints in general, see S. A. Smith, ‘Bones of contention: Bolsheviks and the struggle against relics, 1918–1930’,
Past and Present,
204 (August 2009), pp. 155–94.

127
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 37–45, citing SNK resolution of 17 July 1918.

128
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 45–6 and 164 ff. on the chaos in the artistic world.

129
.
Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh
(Moscow, 1953) vol. 6, p. 186 describes the bas-relief on 1 May 1919, when it was also decorated with palm-fronds and pictures of Karl Marx.

130
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 8.

131
. Krivova,
Vlast’ i tserkov’,
p. 30.

132
. Krivova,
Vlast’ i tserkov’,
p. 30.

133
. Cited in Richard Pipes,
The Unknown Lenin
(New Haven, Conn., 1996), pp. 152–5.

134
. Krivova,
Vlast’ i tserkov’,
p. 50.

135
. McMeekin,
Greatest Heist,
p. 83.

136
. McMeekin,
Greatest Heist,
p. 84.

137
. The figure was well over 1,000. See McMeekin,
Greatest Heist,
p. 83.

138
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 23.

139
. Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi,
p. 114.

140
. Grabar’s declaration of 26 July 1922 (
Pis’ma,
p. 65) refers to this.

141
. Grabar,
Pis’ma,
p. 179.

142
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 21.

143
. E. Kirichenko,
Khram Khrista Spasitelia v Moskve
(Moscow, 1992), p. 228.

144
. The deliberations of the delightfully named Immortalization Commission can be followed in Y. M. Lopukhin,
Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I. Lenina
(Moscow, 1997).

10 RED FORTRESS

1
. Walter Benjamin, ‘Moscow’, in
Reflections, Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings,
ed. Peter Demetz (New York, 1978), pp. 101 and 126.

2
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei v trekh tomakh,
vol. 3 (Moscow, 2000), pp. 148 (on unemployment) and 151 (on the workers’ meetings).

3
. For a discussion and illustrations, see Catherine Cooke,
Russian Avant-garde: Theories of Art, Architecture and the City
(London, 1995).

4
. A point made by Dmitry Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture and the West
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2007), p. 364.

5
. On Baranovsky’s labours, see Iu. A. Bychkov et al., eds.,
Petr Baranovskii: trudy, vospominaniia sovremennikov
(Moscow, 1996).

6
. A. S. Shchenkov, ed.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury v Sovetskom Soiuze
(Moscow, 2004), p. 145.

7
. S. Dmitrievsky,
Sovetskie portrety
(Berlin, 1932), p. 59.

8
. E. Kirichenko,
Khram Khrista Spasitelia v Moskve
(Moscow, 1992), p. 221.

9
. Kirichenko,
Khram,
p. 221, citing Grabar’s article in
Stroitel’stvo Moskvy,
7 (1925).

10
. V. Kozlov, ‘Pervye snosy’,
Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Moskvy,
8 (August 1990), pp. 27–8.

11
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
pp. 35–6.

12
. Cited in Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 42.

13
. On the uses of the Kazan Cathedral, see Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 166.

14
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 36; see also Timothy J. Colton,
Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995), p. 277; Cooke,
Russian Avant-garde,
p. 202.

15
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 83.

16
. Cited in Kirichenko,
Khram,
pp. 224–5.

17
. V. Kozlov, ‘Tragediia monastyrei: god 1929-i’,
Moskovskii zhurnal,
1 (1991), p. 34; see also Kirichenko,
Khram,
p. 225.

18
. Kirichenko,
Khram,
p. 225. The plan was to use the same themes for exhibitions in the Kremlin’s Armoury Museum. See I. Ia. Kachalova, ‘Istoriia otdela pamiatnikov kremlia,’
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, p. 184.

19
. Richard Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams
(Oxford, 1991), pp. 109–12.

20
. Kirichenko,
Khram,
p. 246.

21
. V. A. Kozlov, ed.,
Neizvestnaia Rossiia,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1992), pp. 337–48, and Kirichenko,
Khram,
p. 251.

22
. Cooke,
Russian Avant-garde,
pp. 202–6.

23
. There are numerous histories of this. For a summary, see Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
pp. 35–6.

24
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 43.

25
. Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
p. 369; for an illustration from the 1940s, see Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
p. 210.

26
. S. V. Mironenko, ed.,
Moskovskii kreml’: tsitadel’ Rossii
(Moscow, 2008), p. 239.

27
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
pp. 294–5.

28
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 295.

29
. Kachalova, ‘Istoriia’, p. 183.

30
. Kozlov, ‘Tragediia monastyrei’, p. 38.

31
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 296.

32
. Kachalova, ‘Istoriia’, p. 183.

33
. Kozlov, ‘Tragediia monastyrei’, p. 39.

34
. See T. D. Panova,
Kremlevskie usypal’nitsy
(Moscow, 2003), pp. 198–202.

35
. Some of the stones feature in the diorama that was opened in 2009 in the Ivan the Great bell tower, for instance, although the tale of how they got there is not part of the commentary.

36
. Kozlov, ‘Tragediia monastyrei’, p. 39.

37
.
Pravoslavnye sviatyni Moskovskogo Kremlia v istorii i kul’ture Rossii
(Moscow, 2006), p. 308; Rerberg had earlier designed the Kievskii railway station.

38
. A point protesters did make at the time. See
Pravoslavnye sviatyni,
p. 308.

39
. The respondent was interviewed in Moscow in September 2007.

40
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 297.

41
. RGASPI 671/1/103, 163.

42
. Kachalova, ‘Istoriia’, p. 184.

43
. Colton,
Moscow,
p. 268.

44
. On the decision, see Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 300. The proposer was Abel Enukidze. For this specific use of fireworks, see
Stolitsa,
3 (1991), pp. 38–9.

45
. A. Voyce,
The Moscow Kremlin: Its History, Architecture, and Art Treasures
(London, 1955), p. 67.

46
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 300.

47
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 302.

48
. T. V. Tolstaia, ‘Muzei “Uspenskii sobor” Moskovskogo kremlia. Stranitsy istorii’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, p. 209.

49
. Kachalova, ‘Istoriia’, p. 186, citing the Kremlin archive.

50
. Lidiya Shatunovskaya,
Zhizn’ v Kremle
(New York, 1982), p. 25.

51
. See
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 105–10.

52
. T. A. Tutova, ‘Direktor oruzheinoi palaty D. D. Ivanov i bor’ba za sokhranenie muzeinikh tsennostei v 1922–1929 godakh’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 106–9.

53
. The practice was called
vydvizhenie,
‘promotion’, and it makes today’s affirmative action look anaemic.

54
. M. K. Pavlovich, ‘Oruzheinaia palata Moskovskogo Kremlia v 1930-e gody’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 113–15.

55
. M. Dokuchaev,
Moskva. Kreml’. Okhrana.
(Moscow, 1995), p. 49.

56
. The so-called Kremlin affair. See below, pp. 321–5.

57
. Pavlovich, ‘Oruzheinaia palata’, p. 116.

58
. Pavlovich, ‘Oruzheinaia palata’, p. 117.