Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (85 page)

98
. Likhachev,
Biblioteka,
p. 1.

99
. S. P. Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’ v starinu i teper’,
2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1912 and 1918), vol. 2, pp. 202–6; Likhachev,
Biblioteka,
p. 5.

100
. Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’,
vol. 2, pp. 204–5.

101
. Likhachev,
Biblioteka,
pp. 2–5.

102
. For some examples, see Likhachev, op. cit. and also A. I. Sobolevskii, ‘Eshche raz o kremlevskom tainike i tsarskoi biblioteke’,
Arkheologicheskie izvestiia i zametki,
no. 12 (1894), pp. 400–403; idem (1894), pp. 33–44; see also S. O. Shmidt, ed.,
Biblioteka Ivana Groznogo. Rekonstruktsiia i bibliograficheskoe opisanie
(Moscow, 1982).

103
. Panova, ‘Arkheologicheskoe’, p. 353.

104
. The Moscow Duma was set up under a statute of 1870. By 1905 it had 160 deputies and met in splendid premises on Voskresenskaia Square. See
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, pp. 27–8.

105
. Two reprints appeared in 2005 alone. The book is also available in at least three versions as a PDF.

106
.
Moskovskii kreml’ v starinu i teper’.
The volumes appeared between 1912 and 1918. They were reprinted in 2011.

107
. A list of residents appears in RGADA 1239/24/2985.

108
. Built in 1900; see
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, p. 21.

109
. Palace staff uniforms are debated in RGADA 1239/24/2894 and 2901.

110
. Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi,
pp. 275–81.

111
. Zabelin,
Dnevniki,
pp. 213–15.

112
.
Letters of Nicholas and Marie,
p. 188.

113
.
Letters of Nicholas and Marie,
pp. 188 and 203.

114
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishchikh vremen,
vol. 3, pp. 97–100.

115
. The best examples are printed in Vasnetsov,
Drevniaia Moskva.

116
. See Wortman,
Scenarios,
pp. 334–43.

117
. The phrase ‘ideal Christian state’ occurs on the first page of text in Nicholas II’s coronation album.
Sviashchennoe koronovanie … Nikolaia Aleksandrovicha,
vol. 1, p. 1.

118
. I. Tokmakov,
Istoricheskoe opisanie vsekh koronatsii rossiiskikh tsarei, imperatorov i imperatrits
(Moscow, 1896). The picture of Riurik is on p. vii; there are equally beguiling ones of St Vladimir of Kiev and Moscow’s Vasily II.

119
.
Sviashchennoe koronovanie … Nikolaia Aleksandrovicha,
vol. 1, p. 245.

120
.
Letters of Nicholas and Marie,
pp. 115–16.

121
.
The Times,
10 May 1896, p. 3.

122
.
The Graphic,
Saturday 6 June 1896. More recent casualty estimates would suggest between 1,000 and (at most) 2,000 fatalities.

123
. Illus;
Sviashchennoe koronovanie … Nikolaia Aleksandrovicha,
vol. 1, pp. 176, 284–5.

9 ACROPOLIS

1
. For the Paris event, see Jennifer Homans,
Apollo’s Angels: A History of Ballet
(London, 2010), pp. 317–18 and Modris Eksteins,
Rites of Spring
(London, 1989), pp. 10–16.

2
. For contrasting views of the ballet’s significance, see Richard Taruskin,
Defining Russia Musically
(Princeton, NJ, 1997), pp. 49 and 378 and Homans,
Apollo’s Angels,
p. 312.

3
. Critics’ comments from A. V. Krusanov,
Russkii avangard, 1907–1932: istoricheskii obzor v trekh tomakh
(Moscow, 1996), vol. 1, pt 2, pp. 196–8; see also
The Knave of Diamonds in the Russian Avant Garde,
trans. Kenneth MacInnes (St Petersburg, 2004). For the artists, see Aristarkh Lentulov,
Katalog vystavki
(Moscow, 1968) and
http://www.foto-a.narod.ru/collection/polonchuk/ropot/ropot_dok_3.htm
(accessed 23 Jan. 2013) for a facsimile of the 1914 exhibition catalogue.

4
. Cited from Norbert Lynton,
Tatlin’s Tower: Monument to Revolution
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2009), p. 46. Malevich’s views on art can also be found in his
The Non-Objective World,
ed. Howard Dearstyne (Mineola, NY, 2003), and see also Charlotte Douglas,
Kazimir Malevich
(London, 1994).

5
. Richard Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams
(Oxford, 1991), p. 170.

6
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei v trekh tomakh,
vol. 3 (Moscow, 2000), p. 33.

7
. Evgenii Tret’iakov, ‘Otkrytie metro’,
Moskva,
9 (September 2007), p. 137.

8
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, pp. 21–2 and 27.

9
. Cited in Karl Schlögel,
Moscow
(London, 2005), p. 18.

10
. Timothy J. Colton,
Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995), pp. 56–7.

11
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, p. 23.

12
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, p. 108. See also J. N. Westwood,
Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–1992,
4th edn (Oxford, 1993), pp. 210–11.

13
. V. N. Kuchin, ed.,
Iz istorii stroitel’stva sovetskoi kul’tury 1917–1918. Dokumenty i vospominaniia
(Moscow, 1964), p. 332.

14
. RGADA 1239/24/3012, 99–105.

15
. RGADA 1239/24/3012, 20 and 28.

16
. Westwood,
Endurance,
p. 212. On the legendary courage of Russian troops, see C. Merridale,
Ivan’s War
(London, 2005), pp. 11–12.

17
. RGADA 1239/24/3012, 106.

18
. The most vivid account is still O. Figes,
A People’s Tragedy
(London, 1996), pp. 307–44.

19
. The Russian calendar makes the events of this year more than usually difficult to follow. Nicholas abdicated on 15 March according to the new (and current) calendar, but in Russia at the time the date was calculated differently, and lagged twelve days behind the European norm.

20
. Allan Monkhouse,
Moscow, 1911–1933
(London, 1933), pp. 59–61.

21
. Eduard M. Dune,
Notes of a Red Guard
(Urbana, Ill. and Chicago, 1993), pp. 32–4.

22
. Dune,
Red Guard,
p. 35.

23
. RGADA 1239/24/3230, 2.

24
. RGADA 1239/24/3230, 5.

25
. RGADA 1239/24/3297, 1–3.

26
. RGADA 1239/24/3297, 31.

27
. Near Trubnaia Square. For an account, see V. S. Kundius’ memoir in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 298–9.

28
. See I. E. Grabar,
Pis’ma, 1917–1941
(Moscow, 1977), p. 15. See also V. P. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’ Moskvy i Petrograda v 1917 godu
(Moscow, 1983), p. 232. On the notion of an acropolis, see also Elena Gagarina, writing in
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XV, p. 200; Konstantin Mikhailov,
Unichtozhennyi Kreml’
(Moscow, 2007), p. 38.

29
. A. S. Shchenkov, ed.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury v Sovetskom Soiuze
(Moscow, 2004), pp. 14–15.

30
. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’,
pp. 84–5.

31
. For a short biography, see
http://www.kreml.ru/ru/history/ReferenceData/guidance-museum/Trutovskiy
(accessed 6 June 2012).

32
. RGADA 1239/24/3272, 1–2.

33
. A. Resis, ed.,
Molotov Remembers: Conversations with Felix Chuev
(Chicago, 1993), p. 98.

34
. For the view of a conservative Moscow historian, see Terence Emmons, trans. and ed.,
Time of Troubles: The Diary of Iurii Vladimirovich Got’e
(London, 1988), pp. 72–3.

35
. Monkhouse,
Moscow,
p. 67.

36
. John Reed,
Ten Days That Shook the World
(Harmondsworth, 1966), p. 226.

37
. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’,
p. 228.

38
. Episkop Nestor Kamchatskii, ‘Rasstrel’ Moskovskogo Kremlia’, repr.
Moskovskii zhurnal,
4 (1992), p. 24.

39
. A. N. Kashevarov,
Pravoslavnaia rossiiskaia tserkov’ i sovetskoe gosudarstvo, 1917–1922
(Moscow, 2005), p. 87.

40
. See
Novaia zhizn’,
3 November 1917. This translation cited from Reed,
Ten Days,
pp. 220–21.

41
. Emmons,
Got’e,
p. 80.

42
. Monkhouse,
Moscow,
p. 68.

43
. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’,
p. 234.

44
. Reed,
Ten Days,
pp. 227–30.

45
. A. Abramov,
U Kremlevskoi steny
(Moscow, 1981), p. 34; Kashevarov,
Pravoslavnaia rossiiskaia,
p. 90.