Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (81 page)

70
. Amelekhina, ‘Koronatsiia’, p. 170.

71
. E. V. Anisimov,
Five Empresses: Court Life in Eighteenth-century Russia,
trans. Kathleen Carroll (Westport, Ua., 2004), p. 31.

72
. Richard S. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy,
1-vol. edn (Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2006), p. 37.

73
. For the procession, see Amelekhina, ‘Koronatsiia’, p. 171; for Dmitry of Uglich, see above, pp. 119–27.

74
. Pungent comments on the inconvenience appear in Catherine the Great’s letters. See, for example, her comments to Nikita Panin in
SIRIO,
vol. 10, pp. 276–7. For prejudice against Moscow by other courtiers, see
SIRIO,
vol. 23, pp. 11–12. On the role of the Guards, see Anisimov,
Five Empresses,
p. 8, citing Campredon.

75
. On this reform, enacted by Peter III, see Cherniavsky,
Tsar and People,
p. 125. For its impact on cities, see, for example, Schmidt,
Architecture and Planning,
p. 5.

76
. Cited in John T. Alexander, ‘Catherine II, bubonic plague, and the problem of industry in Moscow’,
AHR,
79, 3 (June 1974), p. 640.

77
. A. Pypin, ed.,
Sochineniia Ekateriny II
(St Petersburg, 1907), vol. 12, pp. 169–70.

78
. A. S. Shchenkov, ed.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii
(Moscow, 2002), p. 17; Luba Golburt, ‘Derzhavin’s ruins and the birth of historical elegy’,
Slavic Review,
65, 4 (Winter 2006), pp. 670–93.

79
. On Russian ideas of the picturesque, see Christopher Ely,
This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia
(DeKalb, Ill., 2002).

80
. Cracraft,
Petrine Revolution,
pp. 40–41, 150–51.

81
. For a discussion, see Schmidt,
Architecture and Planning,
p. 8.

82
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
vol. 1, p. 18 (citing a Senate report of 1770).

83
. Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
p. 49; on Napoleon, see below, pp. 211–15.

84
. Cited from her Reflections, in Pypin,
Ekateriny II,
vol. 12, p. 642. See also Simon Dixon,
Catherine the Great
(London, 2009), p. 10.

85
. Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 229–31.

86
. Peter II (b. 1715) was the son of Peter the Great’s murdered heir, Aleksei Petrovich. In 1730, after barely two years on the throne, he died of smallpox. Unlike almost all Peter the Great’s other imperial successors, he was buried in the Kremlin.

87
. Snegirev,
Moskva,
vol. 2, p. 88.

88
. I. M. Snegirev,
Spas na Boru v Moskovskom Kremle
(Moscow, 1865), p. 7.

89
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
p. 49.

90
. For an account, see Dixon,
Catherine,
pp. 4–22.

91
. Catherine’s instructions were reprinted and their consequences deplored in I. Mashkov, ed.,
Otchet po restavratsii bol’shogo Moskovskago Uspenskago sobora
(Moscow, 1910), pp. 5–7.

92
. For her disappointment with the place, see
SIRIO,
vol. 23, p. 22 (letter to Grimm of 29 April 1775).

93
. Fabricius,
Kreml’,
pp. 156–7.

94
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
p. 102.

95
.
PSZ,
vol. XVIII, p. 696, no. 13142 (1 July 1768).

96
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
p. 98.

97
. For a discussion of Bazhenov’s plans, with diagrams, see Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
pp. 70–81.

98
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
pp. 77–80; William Craft Brumfield,
A History of Russian Architecture
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 323.

99
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
p. 80.

100
. Alexander, ‘Catherine II’, p. 661.

101
. Cited in Reddaway, ed.,
Documents,
p. 135 (letter of 6/17 October 1771).

102
. Fabricius,
Kreml’,
pp. 158–60.

103
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
p. 84.

104
. Cited in Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
pp. 86–7.

105
. A. I. Vlasiuk et al.,
Kazakov
(Moscow, 1957), pp. 13–15; Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 248–9.

106
. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov,
p. 182.

107
. Brumfield,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 328–9; Schmidt,
Architecture and Planning,
p. 64; Vlasiuk,
Kazakov,
pp. 31–2.

108
. Hughes, ‘Russian culture’, p. 68.

7 FIRE BIRD

1
. Cited in B. Meehan-Waters,
Autocracy and Aristocracy: The Russian Service Elite of 1730
(New Brunswick, NJ, 1982), p. 100.

2
. The planners’ efforts to ‘improve’ Moscow by opening up squares and more elegant streets are discussed in P. V. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki i zastroiki Moskvy,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1954), pp. 390–93, and also Albert J. Schmidt,
The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow
(Philadelphia, Pa., 1989). See also A. S. Shchenkov, ed.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii
(Moscow, 2002), pp. 231–44.

3
. P. V. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki i zastroiki Moskvy,
vol. 3 (Moscow, 1972), p. 15. On the wooden theatre, see ibid., vol. 2, p. 392.

4
. M. V. Posokhin et al.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury Moskvy: Kreml’, Kitai-gorod, Tsentral’nye ploshchadi
(Moscow, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 371–3;
Vedomosti
was founded by Peter the Great at the beginning of the eighteenth century.

5
. Population figures from Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, pp. 13–18. For a survey of Moscow’s elite life, see Alexander M. Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I
(DeKalb, Ill., 1997), pp. 58–9.

6
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, pp. 13–18.

7
. Among the earliest of abolitionists was the foreign-educated radical Alexander Radishchev (1749–1802). Catherine the Great herself famously considered the issue of serfdom, but her intellectual interest in its abolition was never translated into policy.

8
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, pp. 13–18.

9
. The nobility was expanding in this period, but still constituted less than 1 per cent of the population of the empire as a whole. See Dominic Lieven, ‘The elites’, in
CHR,
vol. 2, p. 230.

10
. For commentary, see Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
pp. 30–40.

11
. For a reflection on Moscow, see Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 16. On Batiushkov and landscape, see A. Tosi,
Waiting for Pushkin: Russian Fiction in the Age of Alexander I, 1801–1825
(New York and Amsterdam, 2006), esp. pp. 60–61.

12
. For more discussion of Russian perceptions of the landscape at this point, see Christopher D. Ely,
This Meager Nature: Landscape and Identity in Imperial Russia
(DeKalb, Ill., 2002), p. 50.

13
. Ely,
Meager Nature,
pp. 50 and 64.

14
. Cited in T. Slavina,
Konstantin Ton
(Leningrad, 1989), p. 157.

15
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 2, p. 386.

16
. These were noted by the Comte de Ségur as he approached the Kremlin with Napoleon in 1812. See his
History of the Expedition to Russia Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812,
2 vols. (London, 1826), vol. 2, p. 4.

17
. William Craft Brumfield,
A History of Russian Architecture
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 339; the other palace used was Kazakov’s Petrovskii dvorets.

18
. Cited in I. E. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy
(Moscow, 1904; repr. 2005), p. 281.

19
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 281.

20
. Lindsey Hughes,
The Romanovs: Ruling Russia, 1613–1917
(London, 2009), p. 134.

21
. Schmidt,
Architecture and Planning,
p. 51.

22
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 10.

23
. For a discussion of Francophobia in the years before 1812, see Martin,
Romantics,
pp. 58–142.

24
.
Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh
(Moscow, 1952), vol. 3, p. 46.

25
. Hughes,
Romanovs,
pp. 143–4.

26
. Richard S. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
(Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2006), p. 95. The room, in Petersburg’s Michael Castle, was still closed to visitors in the late 1990s.

27
. Wortman,
Scenarios,
p. 99.