Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (77 page)

43
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 64–6; Massa,
Peasant Wars,
pp. 30–31. The English travellers Jerome Horsey and Giles Fletcher both shared Massa’s view about Godunov’s guilt.

44
. For the background, see A. L. Batalov, ‘Sobor Voznesenskogo Monastyria v Moskovskom Kremle’,
Pamiatniki kul’tury: Novye otkrytiia
(1983), p. 478.

45
. On the importance of the Archangel Cathedral, see
Akty Rossiiskogo Gosudarstva: Arkhivy moskovskikh monastyrei i soborov XV–nachala XVII vv.
(Moscow, 1998), p. 36.

46
. Batalov reconstructed the evidence from fragments, since the cathedral was destroyed in the 1920s. For plans and a description, see ‘Sobor Voznesenskogo Monastyria’, pp. 462–82. See also Batalov,
Kamennoe zodchestvo,
p. 257.

47
. Batalov,
Kamennoe zodchestvo,
p. 78.

48
. Batalov,
Kamennoe zodchestvo,
pp. 84–5.

49
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 43.

50
. On the throne, see Barry Shifman and Guy Walton, eds.,
Gifts to the Tsars, 1500–1700: Treasures from the Kremlin
(New York, 2001), p. 76. For a discussion of the regalia, see Scott Douglas Ruby, ‘The Kremlin Workshops of the Tsars and Foreign Craftsmen:
c.
1500–1711’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Courtauld Institute of Art, 2009, pp. 64–5.

51
. Margeret,
Russian Empire,
p. 54.

52
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 94–6.

53
. On the original, of 1508, see above, Chapter 2, p. 57.

54
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 55.

55
. M. S. Arel and S. N. Bogatyrev, ‘Anglichane v Moskve vremen Borisa Godunova’,
Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik
(1997), pp. 439–55.

56
. The best account of Godunov’s plan is Batalov,
Kamennoe zodchestvo,
pp. 86–96.

57
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
pp. 106–7. On the model of the Sepulchre, see A. L. Batalov, ‘Grob gospoden’ v zamysle “sviataia sviatykh” Borisa Godunova’, in A. L. Batalov and A. Lidov, eds.,
Ierusalim v russkoi kul’ture
(Moscow, 1994), p. 166.

58
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 44.

59
. Vovina, ‘Patriarkh Filaret’, p. 56.

60
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 97.

61
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 50.

62
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 52.

63
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 57.

64
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 131–2.

65
. For a detailed portrait, see Perrie,
Pretenders,
p. 45.

66
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 161.

67
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 81.

68
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 195.

69
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 105, and see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 195.

70
. This allegation, and many others tending to present him as a Catholic and creature of the Poles, is a motif of Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
pp. 1–11.

71
. On the Inquisition, and for a discussion of Dmitry’s supposed Catholicism, see P. Pierling, ‘Dnevnik Andreia Levitskogo’,
Russkaia starina
(1900), pp. 689–706; for the informality of Dmitry’s court, see Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 202–4.

72
. Margeret,
Russian Empire,
p. 86.

73
. Margeret,
Russian Empire,
p. 70.

74
. Dunning rejects almost all these stories (except the one where Dmitry wears Polish clothes). See his
Civil War,
pp. 210–23. For a classic diatribe against Otrepev, see also Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
pp. 19–21, who does not give a source.

75
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
pp. 117–19.

76
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
pp. 3 and 26.

77
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 115. On the ‘Polish style’, see Lindsey Hughes,
The Romanovs: Ruling Russia, 1613–1917
(London, 2008), p. 10.

78
. For a contemporary’s view on this, see Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 149.

79
. On Marina’s arrival, see Margeret,
Russian Empire,
p. 72 and Massa,
Peasant Wars,
pp. 128–31. More generally, see Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 231–2.

80
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 23.

81
. Massa,
Peasant Wars,
p. 134.

82
. On Vasily’s pedigree, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 62.

83
. Margeret (
Russian Empire,
p. 72) gives a higher, and suspiciously precise, figure for the casualties: 1,705. The truth is that the number cannot be accurately established.

84
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 234–5; Margeret,
Russian Empire,
p. 72; Massa,
Peasant Wars,
pp.136–8 and 144.

85
. Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
p. 125.

86
. For a list of the candidates, see Perrie,
Pretenders,
p. 177.

87
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 206–7.

88
. On his choice of residence, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 246.

89
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 279 and 292.

90
. Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 325; see also Perrie,
Pretenders,
p. 129.

91
. Dunning,
Civil War,
pp. 318–19.

92
. Stanislaw Zolkiewski,
Expedition to Moscow: A Memoir,
trans. M. W. Stephen (London, 1959), p. 51.

93
. Its members were Fedor Mstislavskii, Ivan Vorotynskii, Vasilii Golitsyn, Ivan Romanov, Fedor Sheremetev, Andrei Trubetskoi and Boris Lykov. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 93.

94
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 105.

95
. Zolkiewski,
Expedition to Moscow,
pp. 100–101.

96
. A version that was later told to Adam Olearius. See
The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia,
trans. Samuel H. Baron (Stanford, Calif., 1967), pp. 189–90.

97
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 126.

98
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 129, citing Conrad Bussow. For balance, it is worth noting that this is the incident that Dunning (
Civil War,
p. 418) calls a ‘daring and ferocious assault by Captain Margeret’s German mercenaries’.

99
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 190.

100
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
pp. 154–5.

101
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
pp. 220–21.

102
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
p. 250; S. K. Bogoiavlenskii, ed.,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata Moskovskogo kremlia
(Moscow, 1954), p. 514.

103
. Ruby, ‘Kremlin Workshops’, pp. 163–4.

104
. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles,
pp. 252–3.

105
. S. P. Bartenev,
Bol’shoi kremlevskii dvorets: ukazatel’ k ego obozreniiu
(Moscow, 1911), p. 5; Platonov,
Smutnoe vremia,
p. 216.

106
. I. Snegirev,
Moskva: Podrobnoe istoricheskoe i arkheologicheskoe opisanie goroda
(Moscow, 1875), vol. 2, p. 85.

107
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 190.

5 ETERNAL MOSCOW

1
.
The Travels of Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch: Written by His Attendant Archdeacon, Paul of Aleppo, in Arabic,
trans. F. C. Belfour (London, 1836), vol. 1, pp. 353–5.

2
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 381.

3
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 389.

4
. For an extended discussion of popular belief, see I. L. Buseva-Davydova,
Kul’tura i iskusstvo v epokhu peremen: Rossiia semnadtsatogo stoletiia
(Moscow, 2008), esp. pp. 24–9.

5
. On continuity at elite level in the seventeenth century, see P. V. Sedov,
Zakat Moskovskogo tsarstva: tsarskii dvor kontsa XVII veka
(St Petersburg, 2006). For details of the political settlement after 1613, see also Robert O. Crummey,
Aristocrats and Servitors: The Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613–1689
(Princeton, NJ, 1983), pp. 26–7; R. G. Skrynnikov,
Time of Troubles: Russia in Crisis, 1604–1618
(Gulf Breeze, Fl., 1988), pp. 268–71.