Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (73 page)

29
. S. P. Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’ v starinu i teper’,
2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1912 and 1918), vol. 2, p. 49; Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 133; Snegirev,
Fioravanti,
p. 59.

30
. V. P. Vygolov,
Arkhitektura Moskovskoi Rusi serediny XV veka
(Moscow, 1985), p. 96.

31
. I. A. Bondarenko et al., eds.,
Slovar’ arkhitektorov i masterov stroitel’nogo dela Moskvy XV–serediny XVIII veka
(Moscow, 2008), pp. 619–20; Vygolov,
Arkhitektura,
pp. 9–10.

32
. On the sculptures, see O. V. Iakhont, ‘Osnovnye resul’taty nauchnykh issledovanii i restavratsii skul’pturnoi ikony sviatogo Georgiia-Zmeebortsa 1464 goda iz Moskovskogo Kremlia’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XII, pp. 104–19. See also Vygolov,
Arkhitektura,
p. 168. Dmitry Solunsky is better known in western Europe as Demetrios of Thessaloniki.

33
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 129; Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 1, p. 53.

34
. William Craft Brumfield,
A History of Russian Architecture
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 94.

35
. Vygolov,
Arkhitektura,
p. 185.

36
. Vygolov,
Arkhitektura,
p. 185.

37
. The classic study of the subject is Richard Hellie,
Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725
(Chicago, 1982).

38
. Dmitry Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture and the West
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2007), pp. 84–5.

39
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 134.

40
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 134; Vygolov,
Arkhitektura,
p. 190.

41
. The account is taken from Vygolov,
Arkitektura,
pp. 190–92.

42
. Mario Salvadori,
Why Buildings Stand Up
(New York and London, 2002), p. 222.

43
. This story, which was repeated by Sigismund Herberstein, probably originated in her own entourage. See A. A. Gorskii,
Moskva i Orda
(Moscow, 2005), p 169.

44
. P. Pierling,
La Russie et le Saint Siège: Etudes Diplomatiques,
vol. 2 (Paris, 1896), p. 120.

45
. Pierling,
Russie,
p. 151.

46
. Pierling,
Russie,
p. 172. Ambrogio Contarini left a kinder description of Ivan. See
Travels to Tana and Persia,
p. 163.

47
. See Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 139 and Fennell,
Ivan the Great,
p. 318.

48
. An excellent account of the journey, largely based on Pierling, is given in T. D. Panova,
Velikaia kniaginia Sof’ia Paleolog
(Moscow, 2005), pp. 19–24.

49
. Interpreters were so numerous that they had a residential district to themselves on the south side of the Moscow river. On the debates, see Pierling,
Russie,
p. 173 and Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 75–6.

50
. For more on this elsewhere in Europe, see Kostof,
History of Architecture,
pp. 428–9.

51
. For a summary of what is known (as opposed to the abundant myths) about Fioravanti, see
Dizionario Biografico Degli Italiani,
vol. 48 (Rome, 1997), pp. 95–100. There has been some debate about his name, but most agree that, in the best renaissance style, Fioravanti was christened Aristotele: Snegirev,
Fioravanti,
p. 27.

52
. Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 80–82; Snegirev,
Fioravanti,
pp. 27–36.

53
. Ambrogio Contarini stayed briefly in ‘the house of Master Aristotele which was almost next to his Lordship’s palace’:
Travels to Tana and Persia,
p. 222. On the seraglio, see Snegirev,
Fioravanti,
p. 38.

54
. Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
p. 82.

55
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 145; on the technology, see A. N. Speransky,
Prikaz kamennykh del: Ocherki po istorii prikaza kamennykh del Moskovskogo gosudarstva
(Vologda, 1930), p. 20.

56
. For more details, see Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 144–7, and also I. L. Buseva-Davydova,
Khramy Moskovskogo Kremlia
(Moscow, 1997), pp. 29–30.

57
. One art historian remarks that the building fused ‘medieval Russian architecture with the style of an Italian palazzo’. Cyril Mango,
Byzantine Architecture
(New York, 1976), p. 338. See also Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 85–91; Brumfield,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 96–8.

58
. Contarini visited too soon to see the finished work, but see, for example, Francesco da Collo,
Relazione del viaggio e dell’ambasciata in Moscovia
(1518–19, repr. Treviso, 2005), pp. 107–8. By this time Fioravanti’s name has disappeared. On other Italian visitors, see Dzh. D’Amato, ‘Gorod Moskva v vospriiatii ital’ianskogo chitatelia XV–XVI vekov’,
Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik
(1997), pp. 103–6.

59
. Pierling,
Russie,
p. 204.

60
. On Onton or Anton Fryazin, see I. A. Bondarenko, ‘K voprosu o lichnosti Antona Friazina’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XV, pp. 40–43.

61
. Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
pp. 92 and 99.

62
. For the strongroom, which was rediscovered in the first decade of the twentieth century, see Iu. V. Brandenburg et al.,
Arkhitektor Ivan Mashkov
(Moscow, 2001), p. 82, and also Bartenev,
Moskovskii Kreml’,
vol. 2, p. 71. A map, by K. K. Lopialo, appears in O. I. Podobedova,
Moskovskaia shkola zhivopisi pri Ivane IV
(Moscow, 1972), appendix.

63
. The third tier and iconic cupola were added later, however. On Kalita’s tower, see Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 316.

64
. Buseva-Davydova,
Khramy,
p. 173.

65
. On Ermolin’s version at the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, see Aida Nasibova,
The Faceted Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin
(Leningrad, 1981), p. 6.

66
. Brumfield,
Russian Architecture,
p. 101.

67
. M. V. Posokhin et al.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury Moskvy: Kreml’, Kitai-gorod, Tsentral’nye ploshchadi
(Moscow, 1982), p. 36.

68
. Determined efforts to explore them were made over many centuries. See I. Ia. Stelletskii,
Poiski biblioteki Ivana Groznogo
(Moscow, 1999). As I discovered, the details of the subterranean Kremlin are now state secrets.

69
. Vladimir Shevchenko,
Povsednevnaia zhizn’ pri prezidentakh
(Moscow, 2004), p. 20.

70
. The specifications are especially detailed in Sytin’s sections of the archaeological survey that took place at the time of the construction of the Moscow metro.
Po trasse pervoi ocheredi Moskovskogo metropolitena imeni L. M. Kaganovicha
(Leningrad, 1936), p. 114.

71
. There is some evidence that Ivan III went in for sealed caskets, though most were probably housed in or beneath the Treasury. See G. L. Malitskii, ‘K istorii oruzheinoi palaty Moskovskogo kremlia’, in S. K. Bogoiavlenskii, ed.,
Gosudarstvennaia oruzheinaia palata Moskovskogo kremlia
(Moscow, 1954), p. 512.

72
. Stelletskii,
Poiski,
p. 184; for the second, later, excavation, see
Po trasse metropolitena,
p. 116.

73
. By the 1520s, when Sigismund von Herberstein last visited Muscovy, timber for building in the city was being brought seventy miles downriver from Mozhaisk.

74
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 160.

75
.
Po trasse metropolitena,
p. 15.

76
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 210.

77
. Arthur Voyce,
The Moscow Kremlin: Its History, Architecture and Art Treasures
(London, 1955), p. 23.

78
.
Po trasse metropolitena,
pp. 110–11.

79
. For the European, as opposed to Byzantine, origins of Ivan’s double-headed eagle, see Gustave Alef, ‘The adoption of the Muscovite two-headed eagle: a discordant view’,
Speculum,
41 (1966), pp. 1–21.

80
. On Italians (and Sforza in particular), see Gino Barbieri,
Milano e Mosca nella politica del Rinascimento
(Milan, 1957); on the rest, see Pierling,
Russie,
p. 211.

81
. Fennell,
Ivan the Great,
pp. 117–21.

82
. M. I. Mil’chik, ‘Kremli Rossii, postroennye Ital’iantsami, i problema ikh dal’neishego izucheniia’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XV, pp. 509–17.

83
. Pietro Annibale is known in Russian as Petrok Malyi. See Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
p. 113.

84
.
Po trasse metropolitena,
p. 107.

85
.
Po trasse metropolitena,
p. 107; see also Paul of Aleppo’s peevish comments in
The Travels of Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch: Written by His Attendant Archdeacon, Paul of Aleppo, in Arabic,
trans. F. C. Belfour (London, 1836), vol. 2, pp. 21–2. As he also observed (p. 119), even Muscovites were not supposed to study their own Kremlin’s walls too closely.