Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (79 page)

61
. Loewenson, ‘Moscow rising’, p. 153.

62
. Loewenson, ‘Moscow rising’, p. 153.

63
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 209; see also Loewenson, ‘Moscow rising’, p. 154.

64
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 211.

65
. Loewenson, ‘Moscow rising’, p. 155, see also Pommerening’s estimate of the damage in Bazilevich,
Gorodskie,
p. 39. The highest estimate for deaths is 2,000, but all are guesses. The fire was clearly a major catastrophe in every sense. See Kivelson, ‘Devil’, p. 740.

66
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 212; Loewenson, ‘Moscow rising’, p. 155. See also Pommerening’s account in Bazilevich,
Gorodskie,
p. 36.

67
. Kivelson, ‘Devil’, p. 742.

68
. For the text in an English translation, see Richard Hellie, ed. and trans.,
The Muscovite Law Code (
Ulozhenie
) of 1649
(Irvine, Calif., 1988).

69
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 331.

70
. I. E. Zabelin,
Materialy dlia istorii arkheologii i statistiki goroda Moskvy,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1891), p. 2.

71
. It is printed in
DAI,
vol. 3, no. 119, pp. 442–8. See also Philip Longworth,
Alexis, Tsar of all the Russias
(London, 1984), pp. 101–2.

72
. Snegirev,
Moskva,
vol. 2, pp. 14–15.

73
.
DAI,
vol. 4, no. 9, p. 31.

74
. Samuel H. Baron, ‘Nemeckaja sloboda’, pp. 7–8, reprinted in his
Muscovite Russia: Collected Essays
(London, 1980).

75
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 142.

76
. The reforms began in the late 1640s. See Bushkovitch,
Religion and Society,
p. 57.

77
. Lobachev, ‘Patriarch Nikon’, p. 306, citing Johan de Rodes.

78
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 2, p. 105; see also P. Meyendorff,
Russia, Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the Seventeenth Century
(New York, 1991), p. 90.

79
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 2, p. 171.

80
. A. I. Romanenko, ‘Odin iz etapov stroitel’stva patriarshikh palat’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. II, p. 110. On the German architects, see
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 2, p. 224.

81
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 2, pp. 225–6.

82
. D. N. Anuchin et al., eds.,
Moskva v ee proshlom i nastoiashchem,
12 vols. (Moscow, 1909–12), vol. 2, p. 115; on serfs, see Dunning,
Civil War,
p. 473.

83
. Anuchin,
Moskva v ee proshlom,
vol. 2, pp. 109–11.

84
. Olearius,
Travels,
p. 265, and see Avvakum’s diatribe, cited in G. Michels,
At War with the Church: Religious Dissent in Seventeenth-Century Russia
(Stanford, Calif., 1999), p. 49.

85
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 171.

86
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 410.

87
. Michael Cherniavsky, ‘The Old Believers and the new religion’,
Slavic Review,
25, 1 (March 1966), pp. 1–39.

88
. Cited in Michels,
At War with the Church,
p. 49.

89
. For a summary, see Michels,
At War with the Church,
pp. 217–29.

90
. Meyendorff,
Ritual,
p. 95, citing Kluchevsky,
History.

91
.
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 412.

92
. Michael Cherniavsky,
Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 1961), p. 63.

93
. On the balance as Paul of Aleppo saw it, see
Travels of Macarius,
vol. 1, p. 316, which gives all the important cards to Aleksei.

94
.
DAI,
vol. 4, no. 118, pp. 274–5.

95
. Longworth,
Alexis,
pp. 127–9.

96
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 360–61; Longworth,
Alexis,
p. 168.

97
. For a blow-by-blow account, see
DAI,
vol. 5, no. 102, pp. 439–510.

98
. Collins,
State of Russia,
pp. 64–5.

99
. Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, p. 205. Hellie,
Economy,
pp. 590–95, contrasts the furniture in Golitsyn’s palace of the 1680s with that in Tatishchev’s in 1608. The latter, strikingly, had no beds and only one chair.

100
. Collins,
State of Russia,
pp. 57–8.

101
. Longworth,
Alexis,
p. 205.

102
. Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, p. 138; Longworth,
Alexis,
p. 134.

103
. Kozlitina, ‘Dokumenty’, pp. 98–9.

104
. Longworth,
Alexis,
p. 203.

105
. Longworth,
Alexis,
p. 204.

106
. For figures, see Peter B. Brown,‘How Muscovy governed: seventeenth-century Russian central administration’,
Russian History,
36, 4 (2009), pp. 488–99; on the ‘new men’ under Aleksei, see Marshall Poe, ‘The central government and its institutions’,
CHR,
vol. 1, ch. 19, esp. pp. 446–51.

107
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 255;
DAI,
vol. 6, no. 50, p. 207 (relocation of
Bolshoi prikhod,
1672).

108
. The figures, given by Brenda Meehan-Waters, are 31 at the time of Aleksei’s accession and 151 in 1689:
Autocracy,
p. 10. For the number living in the Kremlin, see Collins,
State of Russia,
p. 62.

109
. A controversial point argued cogently by Sedov,
Zakat,
pp. 132–9.

110
. Although our knowledge of this is limited, and while many elite noblemen were conservative (and relatively short of the necessary resources) when it came to collecting, there is evidence in the cases of figures such as Artamon Matveyev and Vasily Golitsyn.

111
. Lindsey Hughes,
Sophia, Regent of Russia
(London and New Haven, Conn., 1990), p. 37.

112
. On the education of the tsarevich, see Sedov,
Zakat,
pp. 176–8.

113
. V. M. Zhivov, ‘Religious reform and the emergence of the individual in seventeenth-century Russian literature’, in S. Baron and Nancy Shields-Kollmann, eds.,
Religion and Culture in Early Modern Russia
(DeKalb, Ill., 1997), p. 184.

114
. James Cracraft,
The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture
(Chicago, 1988), p. 42. Buseva-Davydova’s monograph on seventeenth-century art effectively disputes this notion of crisis.

115
. Hughes,
Sophia,
pp. 52–88.

116
. Lindsey Hughes,
Peter the Great: A Biography
(New Haven, Conn. And London, 2004), pp. 17–20.

117
. For details, see Hughes,
Sophia,
p. 193.

118
.
DAI,
vol. II, no. 90, pp. 286–7; Kozlitina, ‘Dokumenty’, pp.101–2. On the style, see Lindsey Hughes, ‘Western European graphic material as a source for Moscow Baroque architecture’,
SEER,
55, 4 (October 1977), p. 437.

6 CLASSICAL ORDERS

1
.
Dvortsovye razriady,
vol. 4 (St Petersburg, 1855), p. 911.

2
.
Dvortsovye razriady,
vol. 4, pp. 920–26;
PSZ,
vol. III, pp. 220–21, no. 1536.

3
. On the nuns, see I. E. Zabelin,
Materialy dlia istorii arkheologii i statistiki goroda Moskvy,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1891), p. 8; on crime, see D. N. Anuchin et al., eds.,
Moskva v ee proshlom i nastoiashchem,
12 vols. (Moscow 1909–12), vol. 2, p. 43, citing Kotoshikhin. Traditionally (though Ivan’s was an exception) royal funerals took place at night.

4
. Lindsey Hughes,
Peter the Great: A Biography
(London and New Haven, Conn., 2004), pp. 202–7.

5
. There had been a few European works. In 1661, for instance, an Austrian visitor to Moscow, Count Augustin Meyerberg, created two views of Aleksei Mikhailovich’s Kremlin that showed the walls and towers in remarkable detail (the artist was especially impressed by the new Saviour Tower).

6
. M. A. Alekseeva,
Graviura petrovskogo vremeni
(Leningrad, 1990), pp. 7–8 and 19.

7
. Alekseeva,
Graviura,
pp. 23–5.

8
. The chant itself had changed during Fedor Alekseyevich’s reign, as polyphonic settings (‘Kiev style’) began to become fashionable. See P. V. Sedov,
Zakat Moskovskogo tsarstva: tsarskii dvor kontsa XVII veka
(St Petersburg, 2006), pp. 494–5.

9
. For an excellent account of Peter’s political activities, see Paul Bushkovitch,
Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power
(Cambridge, 2001), especially pp. 154–7.