Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (80 page)

10
. Hughes,
Peter,
p. 25.

11
. Lindsey Hughes,
Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 1998), p. 12.

12
.
PSZ,
vol. III, p. 296, no. 1546 (order banning heavy carts, 19 August 1696).

13
. James Cracraft,
The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture
(Chicago, 1988), p. 130; Dmitry Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture and the West
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 2007), p. 185; for a more detailed account, see A. A. Aronova, ‘Azovskii triumf 1696 goda kak pervoe gosudarstvennoe torzhestvo Petra I’,
Iskusstvoznanie,
2 (2006), pp. 61–83. One of the earliest official references to Red Square, referring only to the space between the Saviour Gate and St Basil’s (the current square did not exist), was an
ukaz
of 1658; popular use of the name may well date from the completion of the Saviour Tower three decades earlier.

14
. Samuel Collins,
The Present State of Russia: A Letter to a Friend at London, by an Eminent Person residing at the Czar’s Court
(London, 1671), p. 33.

15
. J. G. Korb,
Diary of an Austrian Secretary of a Legation: at the Court of Czar Peter the Great,
trans. and ed. by the Count MacDonnell, 2 vols. (London, repr. 1968), vol. 2, p. 145.

16
. Korb,
Diary,
vol. 1, pp. 255–6; on tobacco (and other merriment) see also Horace W. Dewey and Kira B. Stevens, ‘Muscovites at play: recreation in pre-Petrine Russia’,
Canadian-American Slavic Studies,
13, 1–2 (1979), p. 192.

17
. On the meaning of Peter’s court, see Ernest A. Zitser,
The Transfigured Kingdom
(Ithaca, NY and London, 2004). Similar remarks, with special reference to the patriarchate, are made by V. M. Zhivov. See his ‘Church reforms in the reign of Peter the Great’, in A. G. Cross, ed.,
Russia in the Reign of Peter the Great: Old and New Perspectives
(Cambridge, 1998), p. 67.

18
. For the wedding, see Hughes,
Peter,
pp. 109–11 and also her ‘Playing games: the alternative history of Peter the Great’,
School of Slavonic Studies Occasional Papers,
no. 41 (London, 2000), p. 10.

19
. Korb,
Diary,
vol. 1, p. 157.

20
. Korb,
Diary,
vol. 1, pp. 159–60; see also Hughes,
Peter,
p. 53.

21
. Johann Korb, ‘A Compendious Description of the Perilous Revolt of the Strelitz of Muscovy’ (reprinted as part of his
Diary,
vol. 2), p. 85.

22
. Korb, ‘Compendious Description’, p. 81.

23
. I. Snegirev,
Moskva: Podrobnoe istoricheskoe i arkheologicheskoe opisanie goroda,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1875), p. 18.

24
. RGADA, 1184/1/195, 256–7;
PSZ,
vol. III, p. 680, nos. 1735 and 1736.

25
.
PSZ,
vol. IV, p. 182, no. 1887; on the visual aids, see also Lindsey Hughes, ‘Russian culture in the eighteenth century’, in
CHR,
vol. 2, p. 67.

26
. An illustrated commentary on the Old Believer attitude appears in Michael Cherniavsky, ‘The Old Believers and the new religion’,
Slavic Review,
25, 1 (March 1966), pp. 1–39. See also Michael Cherniavsky,
Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths
(New Haven, Conn. and London, 1961), p. 76.

27
. Hughes, ‘Russian culture’, p. 77.

28
. Korb,
Diary,
vol. 1, pp. 179–80.

29
. On religious transformation, see Zhivov, ‘Church reforms’, passim.

30
. Hughes,
Russia in the Age of Peter,
pp. 208–9.

31
. Cracraft,
Petrine Revolution,
p. 128.

32
.
PSZ,
vol. IV, p. 177 (no. 1879) and p. 192 (no. 1909).

33
. Korb,
Diary,
vol. 2, p. 150.

34
. I. E. Zabelin,
Domashnii byt russkikh tsarei v XVI i XVII stoletiiakh
(Moscow, 1862, repr. 1990), vol. 1, p. 70; S. de Bartenev,
Le Grand Palais du Kremlin et ses neuf églises
(Moscow, 1912), p. 15; I. A. Bondarenko et al., eds., Slovar’ arkhitektorov i masterov stroitel’nogo dela Moskvy XV–
serediny XVIII veka
(Moscow, 2008), p. 577.

35
. Cracraft,
Petrine Revolution,
p. 122; Snegirev,
Moskva,
vol. 2, pp. 16–17.

36
. Alekseeva,
Graviura,
p. 33.

37
. Bondarenko,
Slovar’ arkhitektorov,
p. 332.

38
. Cited by Maria di Salvo, in Simon Dixon, ed.,
Personality and Place in Russian Culture: Essays in Memory of Lindsey Hughes
(London, 2010), p. 96.

39
. See Cherniavsky,
Tsar and People,
pp. 76–7; Richard S. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy
(Princeton, NJ, 1995), vol. 1, p. 48.

40
. Hughes,
Peter,
p. 60.

41
. Hughes,
Peter,
p. 63.

42
. A. Aronova, ‘Petropavlovskaia krepost’: istoricheskii mif i gradostroitel’naia real’nost”,
Iskusstvoznanie,
2 (2001), pp. 370–80, which corrects the more widely accepted version in Hughes,
Peter,
pp. 66–8.

43
. The Dutch engineer-designer was assisted by one of Peter’s own artillery officers. See N. A. Skvortsov,
Arkheologiia i topografiia Moskvy: kurs lektsii
(Moscow, 1913), p. 100.

44
. S. P. Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’ v starinu i teper’,
2 vols. (St Petersburg, 1912 and 1918), vol. 1, p. 69.

45
. Albert J. Schmidt,
The Architecture and Planning of Classical Moscow
(Philadelphia, Pa., 1989), pp. 18–19; Cracraft,
Petrine Revolution,
p. 122; M. P. Fabricius,
Kreml’ v Moskve: ocherki i kartiny proshlogo i nastoiashchego
(Moscow, 1883), p. 142.

46
. Alekseeva,
Graviura,
pp. 117–21.

47
. I. E. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy
(Moscow, 1904; repr. 2005), p. 172; Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’,
vol. 1, p. 70.

48
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 168.

49
.
Istoriia Moskvy v shesti tomakh
(Moscow, 1952), vol. 2, p. 337; Anuchin,
Moskva v ee proshlom,
vol. 4, p. 9.

50
. For evidence, see Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, p. 125; Korb,
Diary,
vol. 1, p. 254.

51
. Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’,
vol. 1, p. 70.

52
. Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
p. 14.

53
. Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, pp. 125–6.

54
. Zabelin,
Materialy dlia istorii,
vol. 2, pp. 6–7.

55
. Hughes,
Russia in the Age of Peter,
p. 338.

56
. See Catherine the Great’s playful remarks on the subject in her letter to Voltaire of 15/26 March 1767, reprinted in W. F. Reddaway, ed.,
Documents of Catherine the Great
(Cambridge, 1931), p. 15.

57
. Zhivov, ‘Church reforms’, p. 74; Lindsey Hughes, ‘Seeing the sights in eighteenth-century Russia: the Moscow Kremlin’, in R. Bartlett and G. Lehmann-Carli, eds.,
Eighteenth-century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy: Papers from the IV International Conference of the Study Group on Eighteenth-century Russia
(Berlin and London, 2007), p. 316.

58
. V. S. Dediukhina et al., eds.,
Sokhranenie pamiatnikov tserkovnoi stariny v Rossii XVIII–nachala XXv. Sbornik dokumentov
(Moscow, 1997), pp. 18–19, referring to
ukazy
of December 1720 and February 1722.

59
. M. K. Pavlovich, ‘Reorganizatsiia Kremlevskikh sokrovishchnits i masterskikh pri Petre I’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIII, p. 139; Richard Hellie,
The Economy and Material Culture of Russia 1600–1725
(Chicago, 1999), p. 571.

60
. See
Petr Velikii v Moskve: Kalatog vystavki
(Moscow, 1998), pp. 114–15.

61
. Dediukhina,
Sokhranenie,
p. 18.

62
. On Romodanovsky, see Bartenev,
Moskovskii kreml’,
vol. 2, pp. 206–7; see also I. Ia. Stelletskii,
Poiski biblioteki Ivana Groznogo
(Moscow, 1999), pp. 273–4.

63
. The same impression was reported by a visitor of 1711. Hughes, ‘Seeing the sights’, p. 318.

64
. On the gardens, see Korb,
Diary,
vol. 1, p. 288, and Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, pp. 103–7.

65
. F. Bekhteev, cited in A. I. Mikhailov,
Bazhenov
(Moscow, 1951), p. 99.

66
. Bushkovitch,
Peter,
pp. 385–6.

67
. N. A. Ogarkova,
Tseremonii, prazdnichestva, muzyka russkogo dvora
(St Petersburg, 2004), pp. 11–14.

68
. S. A. Amelekhina, ‘Koronatsiia Ekateriny I. 1724’, in
Petr Velikii i Moskva,
p. 169.

69
. Zabelin,
Domashnii,
vol. 1, p. 120; see also Amelekhina, ‘Koronatsiia’, p. 170.