Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (83 page)

98
. Martin, ‘Legacy of 1812’, p. 150.

99
. On memorial plans, see Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 165.

100
. Quarenghi’s entry, for instance, was almost entirely based on the Pantheon, complete with portico and open dome. See E. Kirichenko,
Khram Khrista Spasitelia v Moskve
(Moscow, 1992), p. 19.

101
. Sytin,
Istoriia planirovki,
vol. 3, p. 166; Martin, ‘Legacy of 1812’, p. 149. It was moved to its current site, near the Lobnoe mesto, in 1825.

102
. On this, see Richard Wortman’s essay in Whittaker, ed.,
Visualizing Russia,
pp. 22–3. The helmet had, in fact, been fashioned in the seventeenth century for Mikhail Romanov.

103
. Vitberg’s cathedral is explored in detail in Kirichenko,
Khram Khrista,
pp. 28–37.

104
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
pp. 136–7.

105
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
p. 157.

106
. R. Taruskin,
Defining Russia Musically
(Princeton, NJ, 1997), p. 26.

107
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
pp. 165 and 171.

108
. Snegirev’s diaries give a vivid, if stuffy, picture of this social circle. See
Dnevnik Ivana Mikhailovicha Snegireva, vol 1,
1822–1852
(Moscow, 1904).

109
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
pp. 392–5, 410.

110
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
p. 184.

111
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
p. 426.

112
. Mikhail Bykovsky’s lecture of 1834, cited in Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
p. 326.

113
. Cited in Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
pp. 20–22.

114
. Biographical notes from Slavina,
Ton,
p. 205.

115
. Brumfield,
Russian Architecture,
p 398; Shvidkovsky,
Russian Architecture,
p. 328.

116
. On the style, see Slavina,
Ton,
p. 102.

117
. RGADA, 1239/22/27, especially l. 35; on the railwaymen, see ibid., l. 11.

118
. The bundles of these, including accounts as well as detailed daily reports, are in RGADA, 1239/22/dd. 3–69.

119
. Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
p. 25.

120
. Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo,
St Petersburg and Moscow: A Visit to the Court of the Czar,
cited in Lawrence Kelly, ed.,
Moscow: A Traveller’s Companion
(London, 1983), p. 128.

121
. Slavina,
Ton,
pp. 166–7; Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
p. 25.

122
. Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
p. 26.

123
. Bartenev,
Grand Palais,
p. 26.

124
. I. Snegirev,
Moskva: Podrobnoe istoricheskoe i arkheologicheskoe opisanie goroda,
vol. 2 (Moscow, 1875), pp. 23–5; for drawings, see N. D. Izvekov,
Tserkov vo imia Rozhdestva Sv. Ioanna Predtechi v Moskovskom Kremle
(Moscow, 1913).

125
. See Snegirev,
Dnevnik,
vol. 1, p. 65; Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
p. 64.

126
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 64–5.

127
. Zabelin,
Istoriia goroda Moskvy,
pp. 66–7.

128
. Custine,
Empire of the Czar,
p. 429.

8 NOSTALGIA

1
. For a bracing commentary from a different angle, see Richard Taruskin’s remarks in his
Defining Russia Musically
(Princeton, NJ, 1997), p. 46.

2
. A. G. Mazour, ‘Modern Russian historiography’,
JMH,
9, 2 (June 1937), pp. 169–202.

3
. For a brief overview and context, see Geoffrey Hosking,
Russia and the Russians: A History from Rus to the Russian Federation
(London, 2001), pp. 344–52.

4
. One turning-point was Europe’s revolutionary year of 1848. See I. Snegirev,
Dnevnik Ivana Mikhailovicha Snegireva, vol. 1,
1822–1852
(Moscow, 1904), p. 406.

5
. The most famous expert in this field, Vladimir Dal (1801–72) was later one of Lenin’s favourite authors.

6
. S. Romaniuk,
Moskva: Vokrug Kremlia i Kitai-goroda. Putevoditel’
(Moscow, 2008), p. 52; on others, see, for example, the diaries of Ivan Snegirev, who frequently thanks his patrons for saving manuscripts by buying them.

7
. The gallery’s own guidebook supplies the basic facts. See V. Rodionov, ed.,
The Tretyakov Gallery,
4th edn (St Petersburg, 2006), pp. 4–10.

8
. This theme has been explored extensively by Richard Wortman. See, for example, ‘Moscow and St Petersburg: The problem of a political center in tsarist Russia, 1881–1914’, in S. Wilentz, ed.,
Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual and Politics Since the Middle Ages
(Philadelphia, Pa., 1985), pp. 260–62.

9
.
The Letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie. Being the confidential correspondence between Nicholas II, last of the Tsars, and his mother, Dowager Empress Mariya Fedorovna,
ed. Edward J. Bing (London, 1937), pp. 143–4 (letter dated 5 April 1900).

10
. This egg, one of the very few to have remained in Russia without interruption, is kept in the Kremlin museums.

11
. Both quotations from Richard S. Wortman,
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy,
2 vols. (Princeton, NJ, 1995), vol. 1, p. 352.

12
. The other two major national events of the era were the bicentenary of the Battle of Poltava in 1909 and the centenary of the national sacrifice at Borodino in 1912.

13
. Richard Wortman also gives an excellent account of this. See his ‘“Invisible Threads”: the historical imagery of the Romanov tercentenary’,
Russian History,
16, 2–4 (1989), pp. 389–408.

14
. Imp. Mosk. arkheologicheskii inst.,
Vystavka drevne-russkogo iskusstva ustroennaia v 1913 godu v oznamenovanie chestovaniia 300-letiia tsarstvovaniia Doma Romanovykh
(Moscow, 1913), p. 13.

15
. See, for example, I. E. Zabelin,
Dnevniki i zapisnye knizhki
(repr. Moscow, 2001), p. 215.

16
. See
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei,
vol. 3 (Moscow, 2000), pp. 17–21; S. O. Shmidt, ed.,
Moskva: Entsiklopediia
(Moscow, 1997), p. 28.

17
. For an insider’s view of this colourful world, see V. A. Giliarovskii,
Moskva i Moskvichi
(Moscow, 1968).

18
. Oleg Tarasov,
Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia
(London, 2002), pp. 30, 244.

19
. The Museum of the History of Moscow has a fine collection, and photographs of some of them are reproduced in G. I. Vedernikova,
Oblik Staroi Moskvy: XVII–nachala XX veka
(Moscow, 1997), esp. pp. 200–225.

20
. On Argamakov and his era, see M. K. Pavlovich, ‘Proekt muzeefikatsii serediny XVIII veka: oruzheinaia palata i A. M. Argamakov’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XVI, pp. 202–7.

21
. There is a discussion of the ewer, complete with photograph, in S. Orlenko, ‘O rukomoinom pribore v posol’skom obychae XVI–XVII vekov’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XX, pp. 81–97.

22
. He reorganized the Armoury staff in 1805. See A. P. Petukhova, ‘P. S. Valuev i oruzheinaia palata’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XVI, pp. 210–11.

23
. On Olenin, see V. Faibisovich,
Aleksei Nikolaevich Olenin: Opyt nauchnoi biografii
(St Petersburg, 2006).

24
. Comments on this are offered separately by I. A. Rodimtseva and A. P. Petukhova in
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 7 and 14.

25
. Petukhova, ‘Valuev’, p. 213.

26
. A. P. Petukhova, ‘Muzei v kremle kak gosudarstvennoe uchrezhdenie’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XIV, pp. 13–15.

27
. Petukhova, ‘Valuev’, p. 216, citing the report by I. P. Polivanov.

28
. See F. G. Solntsev, ‘Moia zhizn”,
Russkaia starina,
5 (1876).

29
. Solntsev, ‘Moia zhizn”, p. 634.

30
. See Anne Odom, ‘The politics of porcelain’, in
At the Tsar’s Table: Russian Imperial Porcelain from the Raymond F. Piper Collection
(Patrick and Beatrice Haggerty Museum of Art, Marquette University, 2001). See also G. V. Aksenova,
Russkii stil’: Genii Fedora Solntseva
(Moscow, 2009), esp. pp. 37–8.

31
. Wendy Salmond and Cynthia Hyla Whittaker, ‘Fedor Solntsev and crafting the image of a Russian national past: the context’, in Cynthia Hyla Whittaker, ed.,
Visualizing Russia: Fedor Solntsev and Crafting the Image of a Russian National Past
(Leiden and Boston, 2010), p. 13.

32
. A. S. Shchenkov, ed.,
Pamiatniki arkhitektury v dorevoliutsionnoi Rossii,
vol. 1 (Moscow, 2002), p. 89.

33
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki,
pp. 105–6; Wendy Salmond,
Russia Imagined, 1825–1925: The Art and Impact of Fedor Solntsev,
catalogue for an exhibition at the New York Public Library (New York, 2006); see also Aida Nasibova,
The Faceted Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin
(Leningrad, 1981), p. 13.