Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin (86 page)

46
. Abramov,
Kremlevskoi steny,
p. 52.

47
. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’,
p. 226.

48
. Episkop Nestor, ‘Rasstrel’, pp. 27–9.

49
. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’,
p. 228.

50
. Lapshin,
Khudozhestvennaia zhizn’,
p. 231; for Malevich, see Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 49.

51
. S. V. Mironenko, ed.,
Moskovskii kreml’ tsitadel’ Rossii
(Moscow, 2008), p. 218.

52
. P. D. Malkov,
Zapiski komendanta kremlia
(Moscow, 1968), p. 118.

53
. Grabar,
Pis’ma,
pp. 22–3.

54
. Joel A. Bartsch and the curators of the Moscow Kremlin museums, eds.,
Kremlin Gold: 1000 Years of Russian Jewels and Gems
(New York, 2000), p. 62.

55
. Decree on the Kremlin monuments, 5 January 1918, reprinted in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 55; see also Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 185.

56
. Decree of April 1918 in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 69.

57
. Testimony of V. C. Kundius in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 301–2.

58
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 49; Emmons,
Got’e,
p. 91.

59
. Emmons,
Got’e,
p. 102.

60
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 63; Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 49.

61
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 65.

62
. On the commission, see Oranovsky, ‘Kreml’ akropol’, in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 317–56.

63
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 17.

64
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 218.

65
. Oranovsky’s testimony in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 322.

66
. The letter is reproduced in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 264.

67
. Emmons,
Got’e,
p. 121.

68
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 157.

69
. V. D. Bonch-Bruevich,
Vospominaniia o Lenine
(Moscow, 1965), p. 210. See also Malkov,
Zapiski,
p. 116.

70
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 185.

71
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, pp. 122–3.

72
. Robert Service,
Lenin: A Biography
(London, 2000), p. 343.

73
. Bonch-Bruevich,
Vospominaniia,
p. 197.

74
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 194.

75
. Bonch-Bruevich,
Vospominaniia,
pp. 200–205.

76
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 80.

77
. Malkov,
Zapiski,
p. 117.

78
. Malkov,
Zapiski,
p. 116.

79
. Malkov,
Zapiski,
p. 113.

80
. Bonch-Bruevich,
Vospominaniia,
p. 211.

81
. Service,
Lenin,
p. 345.

82
. On the lift, see GARF R-130/2/199, 17; for the plumbing, see Aleksandr Kolesnichenko, ‘Mesto propiski: Moskva’,
Argumenty i fakty,
17 June 2009.

83
. Interview, Moscow, September 2008; see also S. O. Shmidt, ed.,
Moskva: Entsiklopediia
(Moscow, 1997), p. 401.

84
. Resis,
Molotov Remembers,
p. 98.

85
. Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
pp. 20 and 57.

86
. Leon Trotsky,
My Life
(Harmondsworth, 1984), p. 368.

87
. G. Bordiugov (compiler), ‘Kak zhili v kremle v 1920 godu: Materialy kremlevskoi komissii TsK RKP(b)’, in V. A. Kozlov, ed.,
Neizvestnaia Rossiia
(Moscow, 1992), vol. 2, p. 267. The material cited here gives a figure of 1,112, which other sources confirm.

88
. Mironenko,
Moskvoskii kreml’,
p. 210. Roughly half of the total were civilians, the rest were soldiers or members of the security forces. See Bordiugov, ‘Kak zhili v kremle’, p. 267.

89
. Trotsky,
My Life,
p. 366.

90
. Trotsky,
My Life,
pp. 366–7.

91
. GARF R-130/2/160, 203.

92
. GARF R-130/2/199, 204; see also Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 210.

93
. GARF R-130/2/199, 203.

94
. Malkov,
Zapiski,
p. 120.

95
. GARF R-130/2/162.

96
. Ia. N. Shchapov, ed.,
Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov’ i kommunisticheskoe gosudarstvo, 1917–1941
(Moscow, 1996), p. 39.

97
. GARF R-130/2/160, 7.

98
. GARF R-130/2/160, 17.

99
. Cited by T. A. Tutova in
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XX, p. 305. For the whole incident, see her ‘Trotskaia protiv Stalina. Piat’ pisem k Leninu ob Oruzhenoi palate’,
Materialy i issledovaniia,
vol. XX, pp. 298–322.

100
. Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 285.

101
. Dune,
Red Guard,
p. 86.

102
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, pp. 134–5.

103
. Trotsky,
My Life,
pp. 366–7. See also Dune,
Red Guard,
p. 86.

104
. Bordiugov, ‘Kak zhili v kremle’, pp. 265 and 270.

105
. Tamara Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir: du pouvoir en Russie, XVIe–XXe siècles
(Paris, 2002), p. 174.

106
. Service,
Lenin,
p. 368.

107
. Cited in D. Volkogonov,
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev
(London, 1998), p. 63.

108
. Malkov,
Zapiski,
pp. 159–60.

109
. On the garage, see
Argumenty i fakty,
23 March 2011 (‘Shef v Kreml’! Istorii iz zhizni garazha osobogo naznacheniia’); Malkov,
Zapiski,
p. 109; Mironenko,
Moskovskii kreml’,
p. 210; on the Delaunay-Belleville, see also Sean McMeekin,
History’s Greatest Heist
(New Haven, Conn., 2008), p. 39. The tsar had owned a fleet of his favourite marque, so there were a few replacements at Lenin’s disposal.

110
.
Istoriia Moskvy s drevneishikh vremen,
vol. 3, p. 127.

111
. Kondratieva,
Gouverner et nourrir,
p. 101; Bonch-Bruevich,
Vospominaniia,
p. 225.

112
. For a discussion, see C. Merridale,
Night of Stone
(London, 2000), p. 129.

113
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 25–6. See also A. Mikhailov, ‘Programma monumental’noi propagandy’,
Iskusstvo,
4 (1968), pp. 31–4 and idem, 5 (1968), pp. 39–42.

114
. Malkov,
Zapiski,
pp. 218–19.

115
. By July 1918. See the report of the State Control Commission in Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 105.

116
. Mikhailov, ‘Programma monumentalnoi’,
Iskusstvo,
4, p. 34; see also Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 32–7 for resolutions reflecting Lenin’s impatience.

117
. On Gerasimov, see Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams,
p. 50.

118
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
p. 45.

119
. Abramov,
Kremlevskoi steny,
p. 45. See also Stites,
Revolutionary Dreams,
p. 87.

120
. There was also a request to open the reserve in Holy Week. See GARF R-130/2/161, 1.

121
. Kuchin,
Iz istorii,
pp. 353–4.

122
. GARF R-130/2/157, 3–4.

123
. N. A. Krivova,
Vlast’ i tserkov’ v 1922–1925 gg.
(Moscow, 1997), p. 15; Shchenkov,
Pamiatniki … v Sovetskom Soiuze,
p. 10.

124
. Shchapov,
Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov’,
p. 36, resolution of 17 March 1918.