Sex and the Citadel (52 page)

38
. Fathi,
The World of Boys: A True Story of Youth
, p. 45.

39
. “A Forgotten Life,”
http://karimblog-karim.blogspot.com
.

40
. The pitfalls of the Internet, including false representation in Syria and entrapment in Egypt, are discussed in detail at
www.sexandthecitadel.com
.

41
.
Bareed Mista3jil. True Stories
[Express mail], p. 35.

42
. An excellent overview of the history of same-sex relations between women in Arabic literature is provided by Habib,
Female Homosexuality in the Middle East
.

43
. Al-Tifashi,
Sensual Delights of the Heart
, trans. Newman.

44
. Ibid.

45
. For a detailed account of Meem’s origins, and the role of the Internet in LGBT activism in Lebanon and the wider Arab world, see Moawad and Qiblawi, “Lebanon: Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Internet?”

46
. Al Farchichi and Saghiyeh,
Homosexual Relations in the Penal Codes
, pp. 31–59.

47
. For more on Helem, see Dabaghi, Mack, and Jaalouk,
Helem: A Case Study of the First Legal, Above-Ground LGBT Organization
.

48
. Mikdashi and Moumneh, “The Emerging Discourse on Same-Sex Sexualities and Rights in Lebanon.”

49
. Jernow,
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice
, p. 43.

50
. For an analysis of the business of gay tourism in Lebanon, see McCormick, “Hairy Chest, Will Travel: Tourism, Identity, and Sexuality in the Levant.”

51
. For more on a similar health clinic in Marrakech, see Harri et al., “Expérience d’un Centre de Santé Sexuelle Destiné aux Hommes ayant des Relations Sexuelles avec des Hommes au Maroc” [Experience of a sexual health center for men who have sex with men in Morocco].

52
. Al-Kak,
Homophobia in Clinical Services in Lebanon
, pp. 19–20.

53
. Same-sex relations among Saudi women are a source of breathless fascination for many foreign writers. For the inside track from a young Saudi woman, see al-Herz,
The Others
.

54
. For more on Randa’s life, see Saghieh,
Mudhakarat Randa al-Trans
[Memoirs of Randa Trans].

55
. Qur’an 92:1–4.

56
. Rowson, “The Effeminates of Early Medina,” p. 673.

57
. For a discussion of the status of trans people in Islam, including alternative readings of scripture, see Kugle,
Homosexuality in Islam
, pp. 235–68.

58
. For more on the plight of trans Kuwaitis, and what is driving such persecution, see Human Rights Watch,
“They Hunt Us Down for Fun”: Discrimination and Police Violence Against Transgender Women in Kuwait
.

59
. Al-Baghdadi, “The perverts … who are they?”

60
. Fikri, “When Things get Topsy-Turvey: Foreign Youth Cultures Invade UAE Society.” In Kuwait, a 2006 survey by the Scientific Committee of the National Conference on Negative Trends, a government body, found that
boyat
were the number one social concern of the six thousand citizens polled. For more on this trend in Kuwait, see Abdel Khalek,
Mushkila Adatarrab al-Hayat al-Jinsiyya lada al-Banat
[Gender identity disorder in girls].

61
. Nigst and Garcia, “Boyat in the Gulf: Identity, Contestation, and Social Control,” pp. 18–19.

62
. Al-Zayyat, “Al-mar’a al-ghulamiyya” [Woman as ghulamiyya].

63
. Sex change surgery in the Arab region is fleshed out at
www.sexandthecitadel.com
.

64
. Qur’an 30:30.

65
.
For more on this fatwa, and the famous case that prompted it, see
www.sexandthecitadel.com
.

66
. Najmabadi, “Transing and Transpassing across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran,” p. 26.

67
. Ding, Jennings, and Pan,
Employment Discrimination Against the Transgender Community in Lebanon: A Needs Assessment Report for Helem
, pp. 4–14.

68
. For more on efforts to link sexual rights advocates across the Arab and wider Islamic world, see the Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies at
www.csbronline.org
.

69
. For more on the camp, go to
www.mantiqitna.org
.

70
. Qur’an 49:12.

71
. Al-Banna,
Jawaz Imamat al-Mar’a al-Rijal
[The permissibility of a woman leading men in prayer], p. 107.

7. Come the Revolution

  1
. Giddens,
The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies
.

  2
. Al-Zubaidi,
Mukhtasar Sahih al-Bukhari
[A summary of authentic hadith according to al-Bukhari], p. 523.

  3
. Foucault,
The History of Sexuality
, vol. 1,
The Will to Knowledge
, p. 77.

  4
. Jones,
Alfred C. Kinsey: A Life
, p. 772.

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