Sex, Marriage and Family in World Religions (94 page)

36. Referring to
Analects,
1:11.

37.
Record of Ritual,
9:24.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., 1:24.

40. Ibid., 9:24.

41. Ibid., 1:24.

42. Ibid., 10:12.

43. Ibid., 10:51.

44. Ibid., 27:17.

45. Ibid., 27:20.

46. Ibid., 10:12.

47. Ibid., 9:24.

48.
Yili,
chapter 2; John Steele, trans.,
The I-li, or Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial
(London: Probsthain, 1917), 1:39.

49.
Record of Ritual,
41:6.

50. Ibid., 10:3.

51. Ibid., 10:12.

52. Ibid., 10:13.

53. Ibid., 10:12.

54. Legge,
Record of Ritual,
2:209.

55.
Xiao Ching,
trans. by Ivan Chen (London, Murray, 1908).

56. Ibid., chap. viii.

57. Legge,
Record of Ritual,
2:226–227.

58.
Xiao Ching,
chapter 5.

59.
Book of Changes,
appendix 6.

60. Legge,
Record of Ritual,
2:428.

61.
Mencius,
IVA.26.

‘Abduh, Muhammad, 167–68, 187–88

Agni perna¯huti
ceremony, 288

Abortion, 27, 91, 153

Agrarian collectives in Israel, 11–12

Abraham (Hebrew patriarch), 2–3

Agunot
(separated wives not divorced), 70

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abdillah Al-Ma—

Ahmad, Abu Sulayman Abdul Hamid,

liki, 183, 195–96, 203–4, 222

198–99

Abu Hanifah al-Nu’man, 169, 170–71

‘A’ishah (wife of Muhammad), 153, 168, 194,

Abu Hurayrah, 153, 160

211, 218, 220

Abuse, physical/verbal, Islamic ambivalence

Akiva, Rabbi, 30

on, 152, 166, 181, 190–91;
see also
Chastise-

‘Aklah, Muhammad, 182

ment of women in Islam

Al-’Asqalani, Ibn Hajar, 170–71, 175–76, 197–

Abu Yusuf (Ya’qub Ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari),

98, 217

170–71, 223
n
13

Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid, 180, 194–95, 210

Acculturation dilemma for Jews, 1–2, 10–11,

Al-Hamdani, Hussein Ibn Fayd, 219

12, 62–66, 73–75

Al-Khateeb, Sheikh Abdulkareem, 161

The Acts of Paul and Thecla, 98–99

Al-Mdaghri, Abdel Kabir al-Alaoui, 222

Ad-Darsh, Shaykh Syed Mutawalli, 217–18

Al-Qurtubi, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-An-

Admonitions for Women
(Ban), 402–4

sari, 180

Adultery: in Christianity, 101–3, 129, 135, 139; Al-Qushayri, Mu’awiyah Ibn Haydah, 184, 192

in Confucianism, 380, 394, 423–26, 428,

Al-Razi, Muhammad Fakhr al-Din, 181, 196–

430–31, 433, 436–37; in Hinduism, 243,

97, 204–5, 214–15

245; in Islam, 191, 205, 207, 208; in Juda—

Al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad, 170

ism, 16, 17–18, 23, 27, 45, 57

Al-Shafi’i, Muhammad Ibn Idris, 156, 170–71,

African American women, biblical empower—

197, 198, 221–22

ment of, 142–46

Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman Ibn

Against Apion
(Josephus), 26

Abi Bakr, 162, 164–65, 183–84

Aggadah
sources, 35–38

Al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibn Jarir:

Aggan˜n˜a Sutta,
310–13

on chastisement of women, 181; on gen—

452

Al-Tabari
(continued)

NaKh), 2–4, 12–20, 79, 143–46; New Tes—

der relations, 157, 158–59, 164, 193–94,

tament, 79–83, 90, 92–98

195; on
mahr
gift, 172; on marriage con-Bid’a divorce, 204, 224
n
35

tract, 166–67; on polygamy, 187

Bimbisa¯ra, 333–34

Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah, 167

Bint Khuwailid, Khadijah (wife of Muham—

American secular culture, effects on marriage

mad), 150–51, 169, 224
n
27

and family, 12

Black women, biblical empowerment of,

Amuli, Javaadi, 157, 160–61

142–46

Analects of Confucius,
368, 375–77

The Blood Bowl Sutra,
363–64

Anal sex, Islamic discouragement of, 210

Bodhisattva,
305, 330

A¯nanda, 327–29, 361

Bodhi Tree, 337

Ancestor veneration: Buddhist monks as an—

Body vs. soul,
see
Dualism, mind-body cestor caretakers, 307, 308, 357, 358; in

Book of Common Prayer,
125–28

Confucianism, 368–69, 375, 385–86, 390,

The Book of Filial Piety,
443–44

398, 399, 421–22, 447–48

Book of Poetry,
371, 372–75, 387

Anglican Church, 125–28

Boyu, 392

Annulment, 134–35, 168

Brahma¯, 261, 340

Apocryphal Christian texts, 98–100

Bride-price in Hindu marriage, 242

Aquinas, Thomas, 115–19

Buddha: and fertility, 338–41; on filial piety, A¯ra¯d.a Ka¯la¯ma, 334–35

341–43, 352–53, 354–59, 360–64; journey

Arahant, Lord, 347

to enlightenment, 330–38; lineage of,

Aristotle, 49, 60

346–51; on ordination of nuns, 327–29;

Arranged marriages: in Confucianism, 368,

as threat to traditional family structure,

380, 418; in Hinduism, 230, 232, 237, 241,

341–43

257–61, 270–72, 291–98; in Islam, 168–71

Buddhism: adoption of filial piety by, 351–64; Arya Samaj tradition, marriage ceremony,

analytical overview, 299–309; ascetism as

270–91

preferred lifestyle, 313–18; and Buddha as

Asceticism: and Buddhism, 302, 304, 313–18,

fertility god, 307, 317, 338–41; and Confu—

330, 334–37; and Hinduism, 229; and Ju—

cianism, 369–70, 421, 422; creation story,

daism, 5, 10, 24

309–13; on family continuity, xxv; lineage

Ashkenazic communities in Europe, 8, 9,

of Buddha, 346–51; on mutual consent for

40–42, 56–59

marriage, xxiii; pastoral adviser role of,

A¯sŕamas
(Hindu life stages), 228, 284–85

343–46; renunciation and procreation,

Assimilation dilemma for Jews, 1–2, 10–11, 12, 329–38; on sexuality, xxiii; as threat to tra—

62–66, 73–75

ditional family structure, 341–43; women

Augustine of Hippo, 100–5, 113

in, 318–29

Averroes (Abu al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Ah—

Business considerations in marriage, 9;
see
mad Ibn Rushd), 172–73

also
Contractual view of marriage Babylonian Talmud, 7, 8, 31–35, 38–40

Calvin, John, 128–33

Banhuma¯, King, 349, 350, 351

Caste and Hinduism, 228, 241, 248

Banhumatı¯, Queen, 348–49

Catholicism, 110–20, 133–37

Ban Zhao, 402–4, 408–14

Celibacy: and Buddhism, xxiii; Christian fa—

Bao Shuyun, 436–38

voring of, 82–83, 92, 96–97, 99, 103, 104,

Ben ‘Azzai, 35

135; among Greco-Roman philosophers,

Ben Beroka, Rabbi Jochanan, 29

90; Hellenistic celebration of, 78; in Is—

Ben Sira, Simeon (Jesus), 4, 22–24

lam, 180; in Jewish intentional communi—

Bestiality and Jewish restrictions on sexuality, ties, 5; Luther on, 122

16, 91

Chandaka, 331–32

Betrothals: in Christianity, 111, 136; in Confu-Chastisement of women in Islam, 181, 183, cianism, 422; and contractual view of

190–91, 192, 195–96, 197–200

marriage, xxiii; gifts for, xxiv; in Hindu—

Chastity within marriage: and Buddhism,

ism, 272–73; in Islam, 171–74; in Judaism,

308, 354; and Christianity, 101, 102, 122,

5, 21, 29, 42–43

130; and Confucianism, 371; and Hindu—

Biblical sources: biblical vs. modern family

ism, 243; and Islam, 206–7;
see also
Fidel-relationships, 85; Hebrew Bible (Ta—

ity, marital

Chen, Ivan, 443

Codification of marriage rules,
see
Contrac-Chen Duxiu, 372, 438

tual view of marriage

Cheng Hao, 416

Cole, Alan, 360

Cheng Yi, 416

Companionship, marriage as: in Christianity,

Chen Wenzi, 380

87, 101, 103, 122; in Islam, 152, 157, 159,

Children: in ancient Hebrew society, 3; and

166, 168, 177, 196–97, 216–18; in Judaism,

childbirth rituals in China, 384–85; and

2, 7, 36–37, 54; protection theme in Hin—

complications of polygamy, 188; disciplin—

duism, 230, 244, 249, 263–64; and same—

ing of, 20, 24, 123–24, 406–7, 417; and disex union liturgy, 147, 148–49

vorce in Islam, 200; infanticide prohibi-

A Complete Book Concerning Happiness and
tions, 27, 91, 152–53; Jesus’s love of, 80;

Benevolence
(Huang), 427–36

legitimacy issue, xxvi, 17, 45–49, 72, 249,

Concubinage in China, xxii, 368, 384, 414–

415; marital attitudes as influence on

16, 425–26, 436–37

quality of, 37, 38, 55, 59–60, 61–62; re—

Confucianism: analytical overview, 367–72;

sponsibilities of, 19–20, 23, 28, 97, 212,

ancestor veneration in, 368–69, 375, 385–

213–15, 244; as social/biological legacy,

86, 390, 398, 399, 421–22, 447–48; and

xxiii, 246, 264, 269–71, 408, 446–47;
see
Buddhism, 303, 308, 351–52, 360, 365
n
6;
also
Education; Filial piety; Parents and class and children, 384–85; and concubi—

guardians

nage, xxii, 368, 384, 414–16, 425–26, 436–

China, Buddhism in, 351–64;
see also
Confu-37; on family continuity, xxv, 408, 446– cianism

47; on gender relations, 378–81, 383–84,

Chonger, 379, 380

387–91, 393–94, 400–4; on love and mari—

Christianity: ambivalence about marriage and

tal relations, 372–75; modern critique of,

sex in, 7; analytical overview, xxii–xxiii,

438–41; mourning rituals in, 368–69, 376–

77–89; Anglicanism, 125–28; apocryphal

77, 389, 391–93, 399–400, 420–21, 422; on

Christian writings, 98–100; Augustine on

mutual consent for marriage, xxiii; Neo—

marriage, 100–5; Catholicism on mar—

Confucianist view of family, 371, 416–23;

riage, 110–19, 133–37; creation and fall

on sexuality, 370, 371–72, 373–74, 376,

story influences, 89; on family continuity,

378–79, 384, 387, 420, 423–38; and social

xxv; and Fletcher’s situation ethics, 138–

order, 370, 377–78, 395–400, 411, 427, 432,

42; George Fox, 137–38; Greco-Roman in—

435–36, 441–48;
see also
Filial piety fluence, 5, 89–91; Hellenistic Jewish in—

Confucius, 375–77, 391, 392, 395–400

fluence, 91–92; influence on Judaism, 8,

Conjugal duties and rights, xxiv, 6, 30;
see
41–42, 64; John Chrysostom on marriage,

also
Fidelity, marital; Sexuality 105–9; and marriage as psychospiritual

Consent to marriage, free will: in Christian—

union, xxiii; on mutual consent for mar—

ity, 111, 112–13, 141–42; in Hinduism, 248–

riage, xxiii; New Testament sources, 92–

49; in Islam, 168–71, 199–200; overview,

98; on polygamy, xxiii; Protestantism on

xxiii

marriage, 120–25, 128–33; same-sex union

Conservative Judaism, 11, 66, 70–72

liturgy, 146–49; and womanist theology,

Conspectus of Legal Cases
(Zhu and Bao), 142–46

436–38

Chrysostom, John, 105–9

Continuity, family, xxv;
see also
Procreation Cicero on sexuality, 78

Contraception and Christianity, 88, 140

Class, social: and childbirth rituals in China, Contractual view of marriage: and Confucian

384–85; and filial piety of women in

codes on sexual offenses, 423–38; and eli—

China, 409–10; and Hinduism, 228, 236,

gibility for marriage, xxiv; in Islam, 153–

237, 241, 247, 248, 281; and proper moral

54, 166–77; in Judaism, 3, 5, 6–9, 12, 21–

roles in China, 395–96

22, 26–31, 42–43, 66–70; overview of, xxiii;

Classic of Filial Piety
(Confucius), 370, 371, vs. relativistic approach to sexuality, 141– 394–400, 444

42;
see also
Arranged marriages; Divorce;
Classic of Filial Piety for Women
(Zheng), Property and marriage

408–14

1 Corinthians, Paul’s letter, 94–95, 97–98

Classified Conversations
(Zhu), 417, 421–23

Corporate familialism in Buddhism, 302,

Clergy: Islamic deemphasis on, 154; marriage

304–5, 318–29

vs. celibacy of, 135

Council of Trent, 133–37

454

“Counting the Flowers” (Raghavan), 232,

22, 30–31, 39–40, 41, 45–49, 52, 64, 66–67,

291–98

70–72; overview, xxiv

Covenantal relationship with divine: Hagar’s

Dongguo Yan, 380

expulsion from God’s covenant, 145; mar—

Doniger, Wendy (O’Flaherty), 307, 330

riage as metaphor for, 3, 26, 129–30, 133,

Dowries: in Hinduism, 237, 282, 290, 293; in

134, 166, 232–36, 255–61

Judaism, 21–22; overview, xxiv

Co-wives in Hindu households, 252–55

Dualism, mind-body: in Christianity, 79, 89,

Cranmer, Thomas, 125

95, 98, 131; and medieval influences on

Creation stories: Buddhist, 309–13; Christian, Judaism, 9–10

79, 82, 89, 121, 133; Islamic, 151–52, 155,

156–65, 223
n
5; Jewish, 2, 12–15, 34, 54, East Asian Buddhism, 303, 308, 343–46,

60–61

351–64

Cremation, Confucian stand against, 422

Ecclesiasticus, 4, 22–24

Cui Shu, 380

Economic independence of women in Islam,

Cunariya¯
ceremony, 285