Sex, Marriage and Family in World Religions (95 page)

220–22

Cushing, Richard Cardinal, 140

Education: and Hindu marriage arrange—

Custom: Buddhism as threat to traditional so—

ments, 291; and modern Jewish identity,

cial structures, 341–43; and Islamic law,

75; parental responsibility for children’s,

155–56;
see also
Patriarchal family struc-20, 24, 27, 57–58, 97, 117–18, 123–24; pre—

tures

natal Confucian, 413; women’s right to,

Cynics on sexuality, 90–91

58, 218–20, 402, 421

Egyptian Jewry, 4

Da Dai Liji,
393–94

El-Awa, Mohamed Salim, 205–6

Damascus document of Dead Sea Scrolls,

Elephantine marriage contract, 3–4, 21–22

24–26

Eliezer, Rabbi (in
Mishnah
), 29, 30, 35, Daoism, 370, 442

36–37

Dead Sea Scrolls, 24–26

Eliezer ben Nathan, Rabbi (Ra’avan), 41

Decree Tamesti of Council of Trent, 133–37

Eliezer ben Yoel ha-Levi, Rabbi (Ra’aviah),

Desire: Buddhist renunciation of, 284, 314–16, 41

319, 320, 321, 329–38; and Christian em—

Eligibility for marriage, xxiv, 271–72, 280–81; phasis on self-control, 87, 90, 95, 101, 104,

see also
Incestuous relationships 123, 140; parental responsibility to control

Elite monastic descent groups in Buddhism,

children’s, 125;
see also
Lustful passions 302, 306, 346–51

Deuteronomy, 16–17, 20

Engagements,
see
Betrothals
Dharma
and Hindu moral life, 228, 229, 240– Enlightenment, the, influence on Judaism,

49, 262–70, 284

10, 62–66

Diaspora, Jewish, 1–2, 4, 7

Ephesians, Paul’s letter to, 97

Disciplining of children, 20, 24, 123–24, 406– Epictetus on sexuality, 78, 90–91

7, 417

Erotic asceticism, 307, 330

Divine, human relationship to: body urges as

Erotic enjoyment: as dangerous, 92; Greco—

barrier to, 10; Buddha as fertility god, 307,

Roman anxiety about, 78, 90; in Hindu

317, 338–41; Christian marriage as meta—

marriage, 239; Islamic recognition of, 206,

phor of, 82, 87, 106, 110, 129–30, 133, 134;

210–11; overview of attitudes on, xxv–xxvi;

Hinduism vs. Western traditions, 227,

spiritualization of, 87, 119–20;
see also
228–29; and Hindu marriage, 232–36, 255– Lustful passions

61; intellectual perfection as path to God,

Ershisi xiaozi,
404–5

49–52; and Islamic marriage, 166; and

Exodus on parent/child relationship, 19–20

Jewish marriage as covenantal relation—

Ezekiel on gender relations, 18–19

ship, 3, 4, 26;
see also
Spiritual development Faithfulness to relationships,
see
Fidelity, Divorce: and Christianity, 81, 82, 86, 88, 92, marital

96, 128, 134–35; and Confucianism, 383,

Fall from paradise: Buddhist interpretation,

391, 394, 412, 422–23, 425, 437; contractual

309–13; Christian interpretation, 89, 121–

view of, 7; and Hinduism, 248, 253; and

22, 131–32; Islamic interpretation, 162–65;

Islam, 152, 166–67, 171, 177, 190, 191, 200–

Jewish interpretation, 2, 14–15, 24

206, 224
n
19, 224
nn
35–36; and Judaism, 8, Family relationships: and Buddhism, 299–

300, 301, 302–5, 306–8, 309, 313–14, 341–

Gan
.
ga¯/well pu¯jana
ceremony, 273–74

46, 357; in Christianity, 77–78, 79, 80–81;

Gautamı¯ (Buddha’s aunt), 325–29

Confucian view of, 368–70; in Hinduism,

Gays and lesbians,
see
Homosexuality 229, 230, 235, 236, 272; in Islam, 159, 211– Gender relations: and African American

22; in Judaism, 1–2, 3, 10, 12, 27–28, 31,

search for empowerment, 142–46; in Bud—

37–38, 62–66; in modern society, xviii–

dhism, 318–29, 344, 356, 362, 363–64; in

xix, xx–xxi, 85; and same-sex unions, 147;

Christianity, 82, 88–89, 95, 97, 107–9, 126;

secular vs. religious authority on, xx–xxi,

and Confucianism, 374–75, 378–81, 383–

74–75;
see also
Children; Fictive families; 84, 387–91, 393–94, 400–4, 408–14, 439– Kinship ties; Marriage

40; in Hinduism, 230, 231, 240–55, 261–70,

Fan, Lady, 411–12

280, 283–84, 286; in Islam, 150–52, 155–65,

Fell, Margaret, 137–38

168–71, 177–211, 216–22; in Judaism, 8, 17–

Feng Youlan, 372, 441–48

19, 23–24, 27, 29–31, 32–35, 53–55, 56–57,

Fertility god, Buddha as, 307, 317, 338–41

61; and marriage in modern period, xix;

Fictive families: and Buddhism, 300, 302,

as mirror of social relations, 445;
see also
304–5, 306, 309, 318–29, 346–51; Chris—

Divorce; Fidelity, marital; Marriage; Sex—

tianity’s focus on, 80–81, 84, 85; godpar—

uality

ents in Hinduism, 280; and Jewish inten—

Genesis creation stories, 12–15

tional communities, 5; overview, xix, xxv

Geniza documents on marriage, 42–43

Fidelity, marital: and Buddhism, 356; in

Geonim,
39

Christianity, 86, 101–2, 123, 129–30; in

Gershom, Rabbi, 8–9, 40–42

Hinduism, 252, 286; and same-sex unions,

Get
(divorce in Judaism),
see
Divorce 147;
see also
Chastity within marriage;
The Ghost Festival Sutra,
356–59

Monogamy

Ghur charhi
ceremony, 275

Filial piety: and ancestor veneration in Con—

Giddens, Anthony, xxi

fucianism, 385–86; Buddhist adoption of,

Globalization and family change, xviii–xix

303, 307, 308, 325, 343–46, 351–64; and

Gnomic wisdom, 91–92

Confucian marriage, 389; Confucius on,

God, human relationship to,
see
Divine, hu-375–77, 394–400; critique of Confucian, man relationship to

439; exemplars of, 404–8, 417; Mencius

Goda bhara¯ı¯
ceremony, 290–91

on, 377–78; modern support for Confu—

Gotamı¯ (Buddha’s aunt), 325–29

cian, 442, 443–46; overview, xxv, 368,

Greco-Roman influences on Judaism and

369–70, 372; rules and rituals, 382–83,

Christianity, 4, 78, 79–80, 89–91

420; for women under Confucianism,

Gr
.
hyasu¯tras
(wedding ceremony), 231, 236–40

409–14

Guide to the Perplexed
(Maimonides), 49

Five Classics of Confucianism, 368, 372–75,

378–81, 381–93

Habermas, Ju¨rgen, xx

Fletcher, Joseph, 138–42

Hadith
source: on consensual marriage, 169;
The Flowing Light of the Godhead
(Mechth-on divorce, 203; on education, 219; on ild of Magdeburg), 119

gender relations, 158, 179–80, 216; on mar—

Fornication: Christian attitudes, 83, 89, 102, ital conflict, 192–93; on marriage contract,

131; and Confucianism, 423; in Islam,

175; overview, 153; on parent/child rela—

208–9; and Judaism, 17–18, 25–26; mar—

tionship, 214; on polygamy, 187; on sexu—

riage as avoidance of, 113, 116–19, 126

ality, 209–10; Shi’i definition of, 223
n
7

Four Books of Sentences
(Lombard), 110–13

Hagar, 143–45

Fourth Lateran Council, 114–15

Hama ben Hanina, Rabbi, 34

Fox, George, 137–38

Hanbali jurists (Islam), 172

Fraternal relations and Confucianism, 407,

Hanina of Sura, Rabbi, 32

418, 420

Harem women in Hindu marriage, 254–55

Free will and morality of sex, 140–41

Hasidism (thirteenth century), 10, 52, 56–59

Fuhui quanshu
(Huang), 427–36

Ha¯tha pı¯ey karana¯
ceremony, 279–80

Fumo en Nanbao Jing,
352–53

Hebrew Bible (TaNaKh), 2–4, 12–20

Fumu en Zhong Jing,
360–63

Hellenism, 4–5, 22–24, 78, 91–92

Henry VIII, King of England, 125

Ganapati
ceremony, 278–79

Hinduism: analytical overview, xxiii, xxv,

Ganesá
ceremony, 273

226–32; arranged marriages, 291–98;

456

Hinduism
(continued)

Indra, 331, 333, 337, 340

divine inspiration for marriage, 255–61;

Infanticide prohibitions, 27, 91, 152–53

Ka¯masu¯tra
and sexuality, 250–55; karma
Institute of Christian Religion
(Calvin), 129

of marriage story, 261–70;
Laws of Manu
Intellectual perfection as path to God, 49–52

and gender relations, 240–49; wedding

Intentional communities, 5, 79, 80–81;
see
ceremonies, 231, 232–40, 260–61, 270–91

also
Fictive families
Hinduism: Past and Present
(Michaels), 227

Intergenerational relationships, importance

History of the Later Han,
402

of, xxv;
see also
Ancestor veneration; Chil-Hiyya ben Joseph, Rabbi, 32

dren; Procreation

Homes,
see
Households Intermarriage, Jewish/Gentile, 10, 11, 17, 18, Homosexuality: and Christianity, 89, 90, 146– 64–65, 73–75

49; common prohibitions against, xxiii–

Isaac, Rabbi, 55

xxiv; and Confucianism, 436; and Islam,

Ishmael (son of Abraham), 143

207, 209; and Judaism, 6, 11, 16, 27, 78;

Islam: analytical overview, xxiii, xxv, 150–62; modern influence on attitudes about, xxvi

gender relations, 150–52, 155–65, 168–71,

Households: Buddhist rejection of, 314, 315;

177–211, 216–22; influence on Judaism, 8,

as early Christian meeting places, 80; and

39; marriage contract, 166–77; parental re—

Hinduism, 229; and women’s rights in Is—

sponsibilities, 212–16; on sexuality, 77–78,

lam, 216–18; women’s role in Hindu, 250–

206–11

55, 292, 293

Israel, state of, and Jewish culture, 11–12

Hr
.
daya spars
. ceremony, 287

Huang Liuhong, 427

Jala pu¯jana
ceremony, 278–79

Humanistic approach to sexuality, 139, 141

James, Gospel of, 99–100

Huna, Rabbi, 32

Japan and Confucianism, 372

Jesus of Nazareth, 79, 80, 92–94, 110, 139

Ibn Abbas, 184, 199, 205

Jiang, Lady, 380

Ibn Abdul-Aziz, ‘Umar, 211

Jian of Qi, Lady, 379

Ibn Abi Rabah, ‘Ata,’ 195

Jinsi lu
(Zhu and Lu¨), 416, 417–19

Ibn Abi Zayd, Sheikh Abu Muhammad, 196

Ji Wuz, 392

Ibn Adham, Ibrahim, 180

Jizi, 378–79

Ibn al-Khattab, ‘Umar, 175, 224
n
17

Johanan ben Dahabai, Rabbi, 38

Ibn Anas, Malik, 170, 224
n
18

Jose ben Chalaphta, Rabbi, 30, 32, 34, 35–36

Ibn ‘Ashur, Muhammad al-Taher, 173, 198

Joseph, father of Jesus, 99–100

Ibn Ezra, Moses, 43–44

Joseph, Rabbi, 34

Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali Ibn Sa’id,

Josephus, Flavius, 26–28

217

Joshua ben Levi, Rabbi, 34

Ibn Hibban, 160

Judah, Rabbi, 30, 31, 32

Ibn Jubayr, Sa’id, 195

Judah ben Jacob the Hasid, Rabbi, 55

Ibn Malik, Anas, 170–71

Judah ben Simon, Rabbi, 35

Ibn Munabbih, Wahb, 164

Judah Halevi, 45

Ibn Qudamah, Muwaffaq al-Din, 205, 211, 215

Judah the Patriarch, 28

Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Muhammad Ibn

Judaism: aggadic midrash stories, 35–38; ana—

Ahmad (Averroes), 172–73

lytical overview, xxii, xxiii, xxv, 1–12; bibli-Ideal wives: in Confucian society, 410–12; in cal sources, 2–4, 12–20; vs. Christianity,

Hinduism, 236, 237, 241, 243, 250–52; in

77–80; on divorce, 45–49, 70–71, 76n2–3;

Judaism, 18, 19, 34–35, 54

Enlightenment and acculturation oppor-

Ijma’
sources, 154

tunities, 62–66; Geniza documents on

Ijtihad
sources, 153–54, 155–56

marriage, 42–43; Gershom’s guidance,

Illegitimate children, xxvi, 23, 45–49, 72, 415

40–42; Hellenistic influences, 22–24; Jose—

Incestuous relationships: and Christianity,

phus on marriage law, 26–28; marriage

114–15, 134; and Confucianism, 378, 380,

contracts, 21–22, 66–70; Mishnah sources,

387, 425–26, 428, 432, 437–38; and Hindu—

28–31; mystical perspective, 52–56; patri—

ism, 230, 241, 245, 247, 281; and Judaism,

lineal and matrilineal descent issue, 73–

16, 25, 91; overview of marriage prohibi—

75; pietistic movement of thirteenth cen—

tions, xxiii–xxiv

tury, 56–59; and Qumran community,

Individual, Western emphasis on, xx, 439, 442

24–26; on sexuality, 49–52, 59–62; spiritu-

alization of love in Islamic Spain, 43–45;

Love: and Confucian marriage, 373, 389; Lu—

Talmudic sources, 31–35, 38–40; varia—

ther’s types, 122; marriage as example of

tions in denominational attitudes, 71–72

reciprocal, 140; spiritual elevation of, 43–

Junior wife in Hindu marriage, 253

45, 52, 97–98, 123

Luke, Gospel of, 93–94

Lunyu,
375–77

Kabbalah, 10, 52–56

Lustful passions: Christian abhorrence of, 81–
Ka¯masu¯tra
and sexuality, 231, 250–55

82, 104–5, 109, 121–22, 130; and exploita-

Kan
.
gana bandhana
ceremony, 275

tive vs. consensual sexuality, 141; Jewish

Kanya¯ da¯na
ceremony, 279–80

anxieties, 23, 51–52, 78; marriage as legiti-