Sex, Marriage and Family in World Religions (96 page)

Karma
and Hindu spirituality, 228, 229

mate channel for, 5–6, 86, 95, 101, 102,

Karma of marriage story, 261–70

110, 113, 122–23, 126, 131–32;
see also
Erotic Karo, Joseph, 45–46

enjoyment

Khadijah (wife of Muhammad), 150–51, 169,

Luther, Martin, 120–25

224
n
27

Lu¨ Zuqian, 416

Khul’
divorce, 201–2, 205–6, 224
n
36

Kindness and tranquility: as basis for Islamic Maha¯praja¯patı¯ (Buddha’s aunt), 325–29

marital relations, 152, 157, 159, 166, 168,

Maha¯ya¯na Buddhism, 305

177, 196–97; as essential to Jewish marital

Mahr
(bridegroom’s marital gift), 171–74, 200, relations, 36–37, 54

201, 203–4

Kinship ties: and Christian spirituality, 85;

Maids and concubines in China, 414–16

and Confucianism, 368, 369, 405–8; and

Maimonides, Moses, 10, 49–52

Hinduism, 228, 230, 235, 280, 289–90; in

Majority vs. minority religion status,
see
Mi-Islam, 159; and Judaism, 37–38; and par—

nority vs. majority religion status

ents-in-law in China, 382–83, 389–90,

Mallana¯ga, Vatsya¯yana, 250

402, 410, 440;
see also
Filial piety; Incestu-Ma¯n.
ga bhara¯ı¯
ceremony, 285

ous relationships; Patriarchal family struc-

Man
.
gala phera¯
ceremony, 283–85

tures

Marriage: as channel for lustful passions, 5–6, Korea and Confucianism, 372

86, 95, 101, 102, 110, 113, 122–23, 126, 131–

32; common values among religions on,

Laiz, Elder, 404

xxii–xxiii; and Confucianism, 368, 383–

Laws of Manu,
231, 240–49

84, 408, 420, 423, 440, 445; and divine/hu—

Learning of the Way (Neo-Confucianism),

man relationship, 3, 26, 82, 87, 106, 110,

371, 416–23

129–30, 166, 232–36, 255–61; and legiti—

Legacy, children as: and Confucianism, 408,

macy of children, xxvi, 3, 23, 45–49, 72,

446–47; in Hinduism, 246, 264, 269–71;

415; loss of relevance in modern society,

see also
Procreation

xxi; as psychospiritual union, xxiii, 2, 14,

Legalistic perspective on marriage,
see
Con-52, 87, 106, 121, 123, 148, 229–30; as public tractual view of marriage

commitment, 9, 112, 115, 135–36; as social

Legge, James, 381, 443

good, xxiii, 87–88, 107; vs. spiritual devel—

Legitimacy of children, xxvi, 3, 23, 45–49, 72, opment, xxv, 49–52, 56, 82–83, 87, 93, 96– 415

97, 104–5, 304, 316–18;
see also
Compan-Lesbians and gays,
see
Homosexuality ionship, marriage as; Contractual view of

Levine, Lawrence, 144

marriage; Gender relations; Procreation;

Levirate marriage, 41

Wedding ceremonies;
individual religions
Leviticus on sexual practices, 15–16

Mary, mother of Jesus, 99

Lieberman clause in Jewish marriage con—

Maternal uncles, marital role in Hinduism,

tracts, 70–71

274–75

Lienu¨ zhuan
(Liu), 400–4

Matrilineal and patrilineal descent issues for
Li ji,
381–93

Jews, 73–75

Li (Liji), Lady, 379, 380

Matthew, Gospel of, 92

Lineages, Buddhist, 306, 346–51

Ma¯ya¯ (Buddha’s mother), 325, 338

Liu Xiang, 400–4

Mechthild of Magdeburg, 119–20

Lives of Model Women
(Liu), 400–4

Mencius (Mengzi), 370, 377–78, 400–2

Lombard, Peter, 110–13

Menstrual cycle and Jewish sexual rules, 16,

Lotus Sutra,
305

25, 26

458

Metastatic patriarchy and Buddhism, 309

Navagraha pu¯ja¯
ceremony, 273

Michaels, Axel, 227

Neo-Confucianism, 371, 416–23

Minority vs. majority religion status: and

New Culture perspective on Confucianism,

Buddhism, 300, 303; and Confucianism,

367, 372, 438–41

371–72; and early Christianity, 84; and Ju—

New Testament sources, 79–83, 90, 92–98

daism, 1–2, 4, 10–11, 12, 62–66, 73–75;

Nu¨jie
(Ban), 402

overview, xxvi

Nu¨ xiao jing
(Zheng), 408–14

Min Ziqian, 404

Mishnah
sources, 6, 28–31

Obedience, women’s duty of: in Confucian—

Modernity: and American cultural effects on

ism, 389–90; in Hinduism, 243, 286; in Is—

marriage and family, 12; and attitudes on

lam, 183, 191–92, 193–94, 198, 200, 225
n
44; homosexuality, xxvi; biblical vs. modern

and rebellious Jewish wives, 32, 39–40,

family relationships, 85; vs. Confucian—

76
n
2–3

ism, 438–41; overview of effects, xviii–xix,

O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger, 307, 330

xx–xxi; and sexuality, 89

Old Testament sources, 2–4, 12–20, 79, 143–

Modesty in Islam, 207

46

Mohamed VI, King of Morocco, 157, 161–62,

1 Corinthians, Paul’s letter, 94–95, 97–98

171, 189–90, 206

On the Antiquity of the Jews
(Josephus), 26– Monastic groups: in Buddhism, 300, 302,

28

304–5, 309, 318–29, 346–51; vs. family life

On the Contemplative Life
(Philo), 5

of laity, xix; as fictive families, xxv, 85;

On the Good of Marriage
(Augustine), 113

and Jewish intentional communities, 5

Orthodox Judaism, 11, 12, 66, 72

Monogamy: in Christianity, 82, 103, 134; in

Hinduism, 241–42, 250–52; in Islam, 186,

Palestinian Talmud, 7, 31

190; in Judaism, 25, 27, 41–42, 64

Pan˜ca¯mr
.
ta, madhuparka
ceremony, 288

Moral Responsibility
(Fletcher), 138

Pan˜ca¯mr
.
ta
ceremony, 288

Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism
Pa¯ni grahana
ceremony, 280–82

(Cole), 360

Parents and guardians: and Buddhist asceti—

Mourning rituals in Confucianism: Confucism, 314; Confucian responsibilities, 387,

cius on, 376–77, 391–93; and filial piety,

397, 400–2, 404–8, 418, 419; educational/

399–400; and marriage, 389; overview,

disciplinary responsibilities, 7, 20, 24, 27,

368–69; ritual specifics, 420–21, 422

57–58, 117–18, 123–24, 125; and eligibility

Mr. Yan’s Family Instructions
(Yan), 405–8

for marriage, xxiv; Islamic rights and re-

Mr. Yuan’s Models for the World
(Yuan), 414–16

sponsibilities, 212–16; in Judaism, 3, 28, 31; Muhammad, Prophet of Islam: biographical

see also
Arranged marriages; Children; sketch, 150–51; on chastisement of

Filial piety

women, 195–96, 198; domestic life of, 218;

Parents-in-law as powerful heads of families

as marital example, 190, 194; monogamy

in China, 382–83, 389–90, 402, 410, 440

vs. polygamy, 186, 224
nn
22, 27;
see also
Pastoral advisers, Buddhist monks as, 302,

Hadith
source

343–64

Muhammad (medieval scholar), 170–71

Pata¯ca¯ra¯ (Buddhist nun), 322–24

Mukh dija¯ı¯
ceremony, 290–91

Patriarchal family structures: and arranged

Mu¯lasarva¯stiva¯din
monastic rules, 329

marriages, 168; and Buddhism, 301, 305,

Mulian (Mu Qian Lian), 357–59, 363–64

306, 309, 354; in Confucianism, 368, 369;

Mu of Chin, Duke, 379

vs. egalitarianism of fictive families, 81;

Mu of Lue, Duke, 392

and feminist treasures in Bible, 144; and

Mu Qian Lian (Mulian), 357–59, 363–64

Islam, 155–56, 178–79, 181, 182, 201–2,

Mutual consent to marriage,
see
Consent to 207–8, 211–12, 220–21; overview, xix

marriage, free-will

Patrilineal and matrilineal descent issues for Mysticism, Jewish, 10, 52–56

Jews, 73–75

Patron-priest exchange in Buddhist commu—

Nahmanides, Moses, 59

nities, 301, 306

Na¯ma parivartana
ceremony, 279

Paul of Tarsus, 81–83, 94–100, 110, 134, 145

Napoleon and Jewish family rules, 62–66

Phillips, Jennifer, 146

Naseef, Fatima, 157, 161, 162, 165, 220

Philo of Alexandria, 4, 5, 78, 91

Navagraha
ceremony, 278–79

Philosophy as antithetical to family life, 78

Pietism, German Jewish, 10, 52, 56–59

creation story, 157–58; on divorce, 202–3;

Piety, Islamic view of, 163, 164, 165;
see also
on economic independence of women,

Filial piety

221; on education, 218–19; on gender rela—

Pleasure/intimacy and sexuality,
see
Erotic tions, 162–64, 179; on
mahr
gift, 172; on enjoyment; Lustful passions

marital conflict, 191–92; on marriage con—

Polygamy: Christianity on, 134; and Confu—

tract, 175; on parent/child relationship,

cianism, 368, 371, 413; and gender rela—

213; on polygamy, 185–87; recording of,

tions, xix; in Hinduism, 252–55; in Islam,

223
n
2; on sexuality, 208–9

185–90, 224
n
22, 224
n
27; in Judaism, 7, 9, 17, 41–42, 64; variations in religions on,

Ra’avan (Rabbi Eliezer ben Nathan), 41

xxiii

Ra’aviah (Rabbi Eliezer ben Yoel ha-Levi), 41

Polygyny: in China, xxii, 368, 384, 414–16,

Raba, 34

425–26, 436–37; in Judaism, 9

Rabbinic literature, 6–8, 28–40

Polytheism and Hinduism, 227

Raghavan, Chudamani, 232, 291–98

Popenoe, David, xxi–xxii

Ra¯hula (Buddha’s son), 330, 338

Porneia
and Christian fears of sexual drive, Ramsey, Paul, 140

83, 95

Rape, Confucian legal code on, 424, 426, 428,

Premarital sex, 89, 139–42, 207;
see also
For-429–32, 433–35, 436

nication

Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo ben Isaac), 41

Prenuptial agreements in Judaism, 66–67

Reason, superiority over passion, 105

Privacy rule and sexual misconduct in Islam,

Record of Ritual,
368, 370, 381–93

207, 210

Record of Ritual of the Elder Dai,
393–94

Procreation: and Buddhism, 303, 304, 323–24,

Reflections on Things at Hand
(Zhu and Lu¨), 329–38, 357, 363–64; and childbirth ritu—

416, 417–19

als in China, 384; and Christianity, 78,

Reformation, 120–25

86–87, 91, 101, 102–3, 110, 113, 116–18, 122–

Reform Judaism, 11, 66, 71–75

23, 126; and Confucianism, 368, 370, 378,

Religious Society of Friends, 137–38

388, 415, 446–47; and Hinduism, 238, 242,

Renunciation of desires, 284, 314–16, 319, 320, 247, 249, 264, 269–71, 282, 284; and Islam,

321, 329–38;
see also
Asceticism 166, 188; and Judaism, 13, 16–17, 23, 27,

Reproduction,
see
Procreation 28–29, 35, 45–49, 50–51, 53, 55, 72; over—

Resurrection theology and Christianity, 79,

view, xxvi; and social value of marriage,

83, 93–94, 96

xxiii

The Rhinoceros Horn,
313–16

Promiscuity, Christian disapproval of, 131;
see
Rida, Muhammad Rashid, 157, 159–60, 165,

also
Fornication

184–85, 188–89, 215–16

Property and marriage: in Confucianism,

Rig Veda
(marriage hymn), 231, 232–36

371–72, 408; dowries, xxiv, 21–22, 237, 282,

Rites of passage, public celebration of Jewish, 290, 293; in Hinduism, 242, 247, 249, 290– 9;
see also
Marriage; Mourning rituals in 91, 293–94; in Islam, 167–68, 171–74, 200,

Confucianism

201, 203–4, 220–22; in Judaism, 21–22, 40;

Rituals and ceremonies: and ancestor venera—

and marriage contracts, xxiv;
see also
Ar-tion in China, 385–86; childbirth rituals ranged marriages

in China, 384–85; Christian, 111–12, 135;

Protection in marriage, Hindu theme of, 230,

Confucian focus on, 368–69, 382–83, 420;

244, 249, 263–64

Hindu, 228, 231, 268–69; Jewish, 5, 9, 10,

Protestantism, 88, 120–33, 137–38

11, 12, 51–52; overview, xxiv; same-sex

Proverbs on marital relations, 17–18

union liturgy, 146–49;
see also
Mourning Pseudo-Phocylides, 91–92

rituals in Confucianism; Wedding cere—

Public nature of marriage vow, 9, 112, 115,

monies

135–36

Roman Catholicism, 110–20, 133–37

Pu¯ja
ceremony, 288

Rong people, 379, 448
n
1

Pura¯n
.
as,
231–32, 255–61

Rufus, Musonius, 78, 90

Purity, Jewish focus on, 5, 27

Sacrifices to ancestors,
see
Ancestor veneration Quakers, 137–38

Sákyamuni (Buddha), 330–38

Qumran Community, 5, 24–26

Same-sex relationships,
see
Homosexuality Qur’an: and basis of Islam, 150, 151, 152–54;

Samsa¯ra
(Hindu ritual practice), 228

460

Sanctification of sexual intercourse, 55–56,

Síva and Pa¯rvatı¯
and divine marriage, 255–61

59–62, 82, 132

Slavery, Abraham and Hagar, 143–44

Saptapadı¯
ceremony, 285

Social order: and Confucianism, 370, 377–78,

Sassanian Babylonian empire, 4

395–400, 411, 427, 432, 435–36, 443–48;

Sayers, Dorothy, 139

and gender relations, 445; and legacy of

School of Hillel, 30