Shopgirls (37 page)

13
.  ‘Miss Bondfield on Tour’,
The Shop Assistant
, July 1898, p.3.

14
.  ‘Life in the Shop: The Woes of a Forgotten Class, by Our Special Commissioner’,
The Daily Chronicle
, 4 February 1898, p.8.

15
.  Ibid.

16
.  ‘Miss Bondfield on Tour’,
The Shop Assistant
, p.3.

17
.  Marilyn French,
From Eve to Dawn: Infernos and Paradises, the Triumph of Capitalism in the Nineteenth Century
, New York: Feminist Press, 2008, p.283.

18
.  Mary Agnes Hamilton,
Margaret Bondfield
, London: Leonard Parsons, 1924, pp.95–6.

19
.  Nicole Robertson,
The Co-operative Movement and Communities in Britain, 1914 –1960: Minding Their Own Business
, Farnham: Ashgate 2010; Peter Gurney,
Co-operative Culture and the Politics of Consumption in England, 1870 –1930
, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996; Michael Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World, 1830 –1914
, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983, p.36.

20
.  George Jacob Holyoake,
Self-Help by the People: History of the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers, Part 1, 1844 –1857
, London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1907, p.41.

21
.  Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World
, pp.87–8; C.P. Hosgood, ‘The “Pigmies of Commerce” and the Working-Class Community: Small Shopkeepers in England, 1870 –1914’,
Journal of Social History
, vol. 22, issue 3, 1989, pp.439–60.

22
.  Alison Adburgham, ‘Introduction’,
Army and Navy, Yesterday’s Shopping: The Army & Navy Stores Catalogue 1907
, Newton Abbot: David & Charles Ltd, 1969.

23
.  Jean Gaffin and David Thoms,
Caring and Sharing: The Centenary History of the Co-operative Women’s Guild
, Manchester: Holyoake Books, 1993, p.48.

24
.  Grace Dare, ‘Our Women’s Page’,
The Shop Assistant
, August 1898, p.32.

25
.  Harris’s report was discussed in Grace Dare, ‘Some Resolutions for the New Year’,
The Shop Assistant
, January 1898, p.129. See also Robertson,
The Co-operative Movement
.

26
.  Muriel Jeffs, ‘Margaret Llewelyn Davies and the Women’s Co-operative Guild’, in Bill Lancaster and Paddy Maguire (eds.),
Towards the Co-operative Commonwealth: Essays in the History of Co-operation
, Loughborough: Co-operative College, 1996; Gillian Scott,
Feminism and the Politics of Working Women: The Women’s Co-operative Guild, 1880s to the Second World War
, London: UCL Press, 1998.

27
.  ‘Good Food Cheap’,
Daily News
, 1903, and ‘The Opening’,
Co-operative News
, October 1902, p.4, both in COLL MISC 0268: Women’s Co-operative Guild: Sunderland Scrapbook 2, London School of Economics, Women’s Library Archive.

28
.  Philip Christopher Hoffman,
They Also Serve: The Story of the Shop Worker
, London: Porcupine Press, 1949, pp.48–9.

29
.  Ibid., p.54.

30
.  Dare, ‘Some Resolutions for the New Year’.

31
.  Cicely Hamilton,
Diana of Dobson’s. A Romantic Comedy in Four Acts
, London: Century, 1909, Act 1, Scene 1.

32
.  Bondfield,
A Life’s Work
, p.72. For commentary and contemporary reviews, see Diane F. Gillespie and Doryjane Birrer,
Diana of Dobson’s
, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2003.

33
.  Richard Foster,
F. Cape & Co. of St Ebbe’s Street, Oxford
, Oxford: Oxford City and County Museum, 1973; Angela Airey and John Airey,
The Bainbridges of Newcastle: A Family History 1679–1976
[imprint unknown], 1979, pp.67, 115; David Wyn Davies,
Owen Owen: Victorian Draper
, Aberystwyth: Gwasg Cambria, 1983, p.80; Robertson,
The Co-operative Movement
.

34
.  Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World
, pp.96–100.

35
.  
Harrodian Gazette
, 1909–13. For a longer discussion see Lise Shapiro Sanders,
Consuming Fantasies: Labor, Leisure, and the London Shopgirl, 1880 –1920
, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2006, ch. 2.

36
.  Gordon Honeycombe,
Selfridges: Seventy-Five Years, The Story of the Store 1909–1984
, London: Park Lane Press, 1984, p.186.

37
.  Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World
, pp.72–3.

38
.  Philip Snowden,
The Living Wage
, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1912, p.35.

39
.  Mrs Carl Meyer and Clementina Black,
Makers of Our Clothes: A Case for Trade Boards, Being the Result of a Year’s Investigation into the Work of Women in London in the Tailoring, Dressmaking and Underclothing Trades
, London: Duckworth and Co., 1909, pp.15–17.

40
.  Ibid., pp.17–18.

41
.  Ibid., p.190.

42
.  Ibid., p.184.

43
.  Hansard, House of Commons, vol. 155, col. 1888, 24 April 1906. See also James Thompson, ‘Political Economy, Labour and the Minimum Wage’, in Ewen Green and Duncan Tanner (eds.),
The Strange Survival of Liberal England
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp.62–8.

44
.  Scott,
Feminism and the Politics of Working Women
, pp.100–101.

45
.  Hoffman,
They Also Serve
, p.78.

46
.  Ibid., pp.82–3.

47
.  Ibid., p.58.

48
.  James Kenyon and Sagar Mitchell,
Mitchell and Kenyon 484: Crewe Hospital Procession and Pageant
, Blackburn: Mitchell & Kenyon, 1907, held at the British Film Institute, London.

49
.  
Votes for Women
, 1 October 1908, p.5.

50
.  Diane Atkinson,
Votes for Women: Women and the Suffrage Movement
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, p.27.

51
.  Elizabeth Crawford,
The Women’s Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland: A Regional Survey
, London: Routledge, 2000, pp.90, 132.

52
.  Christabel Pankhurst,
Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote
, London: Hutchinson, 1959, pp.43–4.

53
.  Crawford,
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
, p.387; Martindale,
From One Generation to Another
, pp.34, 35, 172.

54
.  Molly Housego and Neil R. Storey,
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
, Oxford: Shire Library, 2012, p.34.

55
.  Women’s Social and Political Union, Handbill, March 1912.

56
.  ‘Citizens, Awake!’,
Votes for Women
, 8 March 1912; Patricia Greenwood Harrison,
Connecting Links: The British and American Woman Suffrage Movements, 1900 –1914
, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000, p.165.

57
.  Notes on Alice Ker’s and Alice Davies’ court appearances, Harrods Store Archive, April 1912.

58
.  
Irish Times
, 19 July 1912.

59
.  Letter published in
Votes for Women
, 6 September 1912.

60
.  Housego and Storey,
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
, p.46.

  
1
.  David Wyn Davies,
Owen Owen: Victorian Draper
, Aberystwyth: Gwasg Cambria, 1983, p.18.

  
2
.  Ibid., p.22.

  
3
.  ‘American Business Methods’,
The Drapers Record
, 21 July 1906, p.153.

  
4
.  Susan Porter Benson,
Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores 1890 –1940
, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986, p.231.

  
5
.  Ibid., pp.128–9.

  
6
.  Davies,
Owen Owen
, p.119.

  
7
.  ‘American versus English Shopping’,
The Drapers Record
, 28 April 1906, p.185.

  
8
.  For extended discussion, see Mica Nava,
Visceral Cosmopolitanism: Gender, Culture and the Normalisation of Difference
, New York: Berg, 2007, pp.41–54.

  
9
.  ‘American Business Methods’,
The Drapers Record
, 21 July 1906, p.153.

10
.  Michael Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World, 1830 –1914
, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983, p.120.

11
.  Bill Lancaster,
The Department Store: A Social History
, London: Leicester University Press, 1995, p.195.

12
.  Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World
, pp.127–32.

13
.  Christopher Hosgood, ‘“Mercantile Monasteries”: Shops, Shop Assistants, and Shop Life in Late-Victorian and Edwardian Britain’,
Journal of British Studies
, vol. 38, no. 3, July 1999, p.336.

14
.  Joseph Lewis della-Porta,
Manchester House, Guest’s Hosier and Draper
, Shropshire Archives.

15
.  Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World
, p.12.

16
.  G.K. Chesterton, ‘The Big Shop’,
Daily News
, 27 January 1912.

17
.  H.G. Selfridge, Selfridge Editorial (Selfridge’s syndicated daily press column), 31 January 1912.

18
.  
Daily Express
, 1 February 1912.

19
.  
Daily News
, 2 February 1912.

20
.  Olivia [surname unknown],
Olivia’s Shopping and How She Does It: A Prejudiced Guide to the London Shops
, London: Gay and Bird, 1906, p.80.

21
.  Gordon Honeycombe,
Selfridges: Seventy-Five Years: The Story of the Store 1909–1984
, London: Park Lane Press, 1984, pp.37–42.

22
.  Honeycombe,
Selfridges
, p.233.

23
.  Lindy Woodhead,
Shopping, Seduction & Mr Selfridge
, London: Profile Books, 2007, p.96.

24
.  Harry Gordon Selfridge, ‘Spirit of the House’, and other items from the Selfridges Archives Collection.

25
.  From HAT (History of the Advertising Trust Archive, Norwich), cited in Lise Shapiro Sanders,
Consuming Fantasies: Labor, Leisure, and the London Shopgirl 1880 –1920
, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2006.

26
.  Sanders,
Consuming Fantasies
, p.79.

27
.  Honeycombe,
Selfridges
, p.189, and Selfridges Archives Collection.

28
.  Olive Christian Malvery,
A Year and a Day
, London: Hutchinson, 1912, p.151.

29
.  Susan Frances Lomax, ‘The Department Store and the Creation of the Spectacle 1880–1940’, Colchester: University of Essex, Ph.D. thesis, 2005, p.124.

30
.  ‘Crowds and Shop Windows’,
The Times
, 2 November 1910, p.8.

31
.  Lomax, ‘The Department Store’, p.50.

32
.  
Bainbridge
, 524/J/1, Doc 524 E2 Manuscript, Walter Brittain c.1948, John Lewis Partnership Archives Collection, quoted in Lomax,
The Department Store
[no page number].

33
.  ‘The European Crisis’,
The Drapers Record
, 8 August 1914, p.269.

34
.  ‘Meeting to Maintain Home Trade’,
The Drapers Record
, 28 August 1914, p.366.

35
.  ‘Trade Recruits’,
The Drapers Record
, 5 September 1914.

36
.  Michael Moss and Alison Turton,
A Legend of Retailing – House of Fraser
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989, p.108.

37
.  Philip Christopher Hoffman,
They Also Serve: The Story of the Shop Worker
, London: Porcupine Press, 1949, p.180.

38
.  Peter Cox,
Spedan’s Partnership: The Story of John Lewis and Waitrose
, London: Labatie Books, 2010, p.17.

39
.  Hoffman,
They Also Serve
, quoting John Lewis employee Mr L.R. Pritchard, p.182.

40
.  John Spedan Lewis,
Partnership for All
, London: Kerr-Cross Publishing Co., 1948, pp.5–10.

41
.  Grancey, Jonathan,
A Very British Revolution: 150 Years of John Lewis
, London: Laurence King Publishing, 2014, p.49.

42
.  John Spedan Lewis, ‘Dear to My Heart’, BBC Radio broadcast, 15 April 1957.

43
.  Jon Henley, ‘Is John Lewis the Best Company in Britain to work for?’,
Guardian
, 16 March 2010.

44
.  Spedan Lewis,
Partnership for All
, p.xv.

45
.  Cox,
Spedan’s Partnership
, p.47.

46
.  
The Gazette
, 1967, John Lewis Partnership Archives Collection.

47
.  Lewis,
Partnership for All
, pp.32–5.

48
.  Chili Bouchier,
Shooting Star
, London: Atlantis, 1995, p.28.

49
.  Karen Hunt, ‘Negotiating the Boundaries of the Domestic: British Socialist Women and Politics of Consumption’,
Women’s History Review
, 2000, vol. 9, no. 2, p.404.

50
.  Deborah Thom, ‘Women and Work in Wartime Britain’, in Richard Wall and Jay Winter (eds.),
The Upheaval of War
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp.302–6; Appendix 11.1, p.318.

51
.  SA/WAR/1/1: WW1 female staff recruitment letter template [1914-1918], The Sainsbury Archive, Museum of London Docklands.

52
.  John Burnett,
Useful Toil
:
Autobiographies of Working People from the 1820s to the 1920s
, London: Allen Lane, 1974, pp.115–24.

53
.  Winstanley,
The Shopkeeper’s World
, p.133.