Smuggler Nation (85 page)

Prohibition,
238
,
243
–48,
340
,
406
n
64,
406
n
81

War of 1812,
80
,
84
–87,
97
,
375
n
24

U.S. Coast Guard.
See
Coast Guard

U.S. Constitution

Eighteenth Amendment,
227
,
229
–30,
248

Fourth Amendment,
249
,
342

fugitive slave clause,
150

income tax amendment,
64

U.S. Customs Service

counterterrorism mission,
320
–21

drug interdiction efforts,
275
,
288

establishment,
63

and immigration control,
215

and obscene materials,
193

and Prohibition,
231
,
294

revenue production,
63
–64

and tariff enforcement,
178
–83,
186
,
187
–90

and War of 1812,
96
–97

U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor,
215

U.S. Department of Defense,
284
–86,
288
,
412
n
110

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
275

U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
8
,
321
,
323

U.S. Department of Justice,
288

U.S. Department of State,
106
,
217
,
258
,
259
,
312
,
314
,
338

U.S. Department of Transportation,
288

U.S. Mail,
192
–93,
196

U.S.-Mexico border

border security,

border patrol corruption,
220
,
222
,
307
–08,
316
,
322

cattle crossings,
293
–94

by Clinton,
301
–02

during Prohibition,
294
–95

fences,
293
–94,
314
,
322
–23,
323

high-tech surveillance,
324
–25,
325
,
419
n
85

militarization of,
291
–92

1990s tightening of,
301
–04

passport restrictions,
222
–23,
342
,
402
n
72

ports of entry,
292
–93,
304
,
314
,
317
–18

post-9/11,
320
–29

search technologies,
319
–20

voluntary departure,
298
,
415
n
21

cross-border commerce,
218
,
292
,
295

drug smuggling,

Camarena affair,
310
–12

cocaine,
292
,
310
,
335

general trafficking,
263
,
273
–74,
275
,
296
,
310
–11,
318

interdiction efforts,
308
–10,
312
–20,
327
–29,
335
–36

marijuana,
273
–74,
308

human smuggling,

Asian migrants,
306
–07

Chinese migrants,
208
,
212
,
217
–22,
293
,
306
,
400
n
25

fees,
304
–05,
307

illegal European immigrants,
222
–23,
225

professional smugglers,
292
,
296
,
297
–98,
304
–07

“undesirable” immigrants,
220
–21

via railroads,
221
,
293

parrot smuggling,
295
,
339

as smuggling gateway,
217
,
291
–92,
293
,
295

tax evasion smuggling,
295
–96

tunnels under,
323
,
324
,
328

See also
Mexican migrants; U.S. Border Patrol

U.S. Navy,
7
,
133
,
144
–45,
282
,
350

U.S. Patent Act (1790),
101
–02

U.S. Patent Act (1793),
102

U.S. Supreme Court,
27

drug rulings,
261
–62

on search-and-seizure,
249

on wiretapping,
247
,
249

U.S. Treasury Department

Bureau of Revenue,
260

drug prohibition activities,
260
–62,
288

immigration control,
215

Narcotics Division,
260

Prohibition Bureau,
231
–32,
260
,
265

See also
U.S. Customs Service

Utah,
248

Valle, Eduardo,
316

Van Bibber, Abraham,
55

Van de Water, Frederick F.,
239

Van Tyne, C.H.,
49

Van Wyck, William,
141

Vermont

embargo busting,
75
,
78
,
79

as gateway for Chinese migrants,
216
–17

and Prohibition,
246

settlement by illegal squatters,
210

smuggling during War of 1812,
84
–86,
88
,
375
n
24

Villa, Pancho,
294

Virginia,
14
,
59
,
132
,
166
–67,
363
n
13

Volo, James M.,
365
n
26

Volstead Act,
227
,
234
,
340

Volstead, Andrew J.,
236

Von Raab, William,
310

Wallace, Anthony F.C.,
102
,
377
n
8

Wall Street,
355
,
425
n
10

Wansey, Henry,
106

War of 1812

Battle of New Orleans,
83
,
89
,
94
–96,
346

British blockade,
87
,
165

British forces,
84
,
374
n
5

British trading licenses,
87
,
375
n
30

Enemy Trade Act of 1812,
83

Enemy Trade Act of 1815,
83

grievances,
82

legacies,
96
–97

length of,
82

peace treaty,
96

pirate-smugglers,
83
,
89
–92,
94
–96,
144
,
346

privateering,
83
,
88
,
374
n
3

registration of British citizens,
106

smuggling across U.S.-Canada border,
80
,
84
–87,
97

trading with enemy,
5
,
8
,
83
–84,
85
–86,
166
,
357
n
3

U.S. battle against smuggling,
83
,
88

U.S. designs on Canada,
82
,
97
,
373
n
2

War of Independence.
See
American Revolution Warren, James,
51

Washburn, Cadwallader C.,
168

Washington, George

distillery of,
228

during Revolutionary War,
5
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
52
,
58
,
60
,
348

fugitive slave law,
150

illegal squatters on lands of,
210

and intellectual piracy,
101
,
108
–09

as slaveholder,
149

and Thomas Digges,
107

Watchorn, Robert,
216

Waters, Harold,
240
,
243
,
405
n
52

Wayne, Leslie,
421
n
12

Webb, J. Dewey,
328

Webb v. United States
,
261

Webster-Ashburn treaty,
133
–34

Webster, Daniel,
152
,
157

Welles, Gideon,
162

Wells, David A.,
189

Welty, Benjamin,
224

West Indies

and Embargo Act,
75

illicit trade during Revolution,
14
,
45
,
46
,
48

molasses smuggling,
17
–18,
19

rum smuggling,
80

slave trade,
19

See also
British West Indies

Westrate, David,
309

Westward expansion

alcohol smuggling,
115

and capitalism,
398
n
2

fur-for-alcohol trade,
6
,
9
,
115
–25,
116
,
129
,
227
,
380
n
3,
381
n
41,
382
n
45

illegal settlers and squatters,
6
,
209
–11

preference for whiskey in,
119
–20

role of alcohol in,
119
–29

and slave trade,
143
–48

smuggling’s role in,
5
–6,
112
,
115

See also
Native Americans

Wheat, Michael,
305

Wheeler, Wayne,
229
,
230
,
231

Whipple, William,
366
n
44

whiskey

sales to Native Americans,
125
,
127
–28

in westward expansion,
119
–29

White, George Hunter,
270

White, Leonard Dupee,
371
n
54

“white slave trade”

and federal police power,
191
,
206
–07

moral panic over,
191
,
202
–07,
338

White Slave Traffic Act (Mann Act),
205

Wikipedia,
345

wildlife trade,
339
–40,
422
n
22

Wilkinson, James,
91

Willebrandt, Mabel Walker,
233
–34

Williams, Garland,
270

Williams, Ian,
119

Wilmington, N.C.,
159
,
161
,
164

Wilson, Charlie,
347

Wilson, Pete,
300

Wilson, Woodrow,
230

Windsor, Canada,
243
,
244
,
245
,
246

wiretapping,
247
,
249
,
342

Wisconsin,
152
–53,
229

Wise, Henry,
142

Wise, Stephen,
157
,
388
n
2,
389
n
35

Wisotsky, Steven,
411
n
86

Women’s Christian Temperance Union,
229

Wood, Fernando,
133

Wood, Gordon,
69

Woodiwiss, Michael,
235

World War I,
201
,
222
,
229
,
261

World War II

and Coast Guard,
240

and contraception,
200

cryptography,
240

drug trafficking,
269
–70

labor shortages,
296

Wright, Hamilton,
259

writs of assistance,
31
,
32
,
34
,
342

York, Neil,
48

York, Neil L.,
365
n
22

Yost, Paul,
309

You, Dominique,
95

Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA),
193

Youngs, Merle,
201

Zedillo, Ernesto,
316

Zolberg, Aristide,
226
,
398
n
1,
399
n
10,
402
n
72

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

Preface

Introduction: A Nation of Smugglers

Part I: The Colonial Era

1. The Golden Age of Illicit Trade

2. The Smuggling Road to Revolution

3. The Smuggling War of Independence

Part II: The Early Republic

4. Contraband and Embargo Busting in the New Nation

5. Traitorous Traders and Patriotic Pirates

6. The Illicit Industrial Revolution

Part III: Westward Expansion, Slavery, and the Civil War

7. Bootleggers and Fur Traders in Indian Country

8. Illicit Slavers and the Perpetuation of the Slave Trade