Super Immunity (36 page)

Virulence:
The degree of disease-causing potential of a species of microorganism or virus as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the invader to penetrate the tissues of the host and cause disease.

I'd like to acknowledge my hard-working professional team. Linda Popescu, R.D., who assists me with nutritional scoring calculations and high-nutrient recipes. Deana Ferrari, Ph.D., a research scientist who works with me analyzing research. Jay Benson, D.O., who has worked overtime to lessen my workload to enable me to finish this book on schedule. Christine Waltermyer, who trialed and tweaked recipes for final taste testing. I also want to acknowledge my executive team at DrFuhrman.com—Janice Marra, Dominic Ambrosio, and Elijah Lynn—who work with tireless enthusiasm.

About the Author

JOEL FUHRMAN, M.D.,
is a board-certified family physician who specializes in preventing and reversing disease through nutritional and natural methods. He is the author of several books, including the
New York Times
bestseller
Eat to Live: The Amazing Nutrient-Rich Program for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss
. He is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and a member of the board of directors of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. He is also the research director of the Nutritional Research Project of the National Health Association and a diplomat with the American Academy of Family Physicians. Whole Foods, a leader in natural and organic foods, selected Dr. Fuhrman for its scientific advisory board to create its Health Starts Here initiative. He lives in New Jersey with his family. Visit the author online at www.drfuhrman.com.

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Introduction: What Is Super Immunity?

1
. National Intelligence Council. The global infectious disease threat and its implications for the United States. January 2000; NIE 99–17D. http://www.dni.gov/nic/special_globalinfectious.html.

2
. Global alert and response: cumulative number of reported probable cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/en/index.html.

3
. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA. The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Ann Int Med 2003; 138(4): 288–98.

4
. Velicer CM, Heckbert SR, Lampe JW, et al. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2004; 291(7): 827–35.

Chapter 1: Food Equals Health

1
. Boggs DA, Palmer JR, Wise LA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2010; DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq293. Gullett NP, Ruhul Amin AR, Bayraktar S, et al. Cancer prevention with natural compounds. Semin Oncol 2010; 37(3): 258–81.

2
. Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, et al. Serum alpha-carotene concentrations and risk of death among U.S. adults. Third national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 2010, Nov 22; DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440.

3
. Robbins J.
Healthy at 100
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4
. Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr 2004; 134(12 Suppl): 3479S–3485S.

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. Hoover's directories: fast food and quick service restaurants 2005; www.hoovers.com/industry/fast_food_quick_service_restaurants/1444_1.html.

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. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc 1996, Oct; 96(10): 1027–39.

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. http://www.who.int/whr/1996/media_centre/press_release/en/index.html.

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. Sripaipan T, Schroeder DG, Marsh DR, et al. Effect of an integrated nutrition program on child morbidity due to respiratory infection and diarrhea in northern Viet Nam. Food Nutr Bull 2002; 23(4): 70–77.

9
. Taylor CE, Higgs ES. Micronutrients and infectious diseases: thoughts on integration of mechanistic approaches into micronutrient research. J Infect Dis 2000, Sep; 182(1 Suppl): S1–S4.

10
. Keusch GT. The history of nutrition: malnutrition, infection, and immunity. J Nutr 2003; 133: 336S–340S.

11
. Peterhans E. Oxidants and antioxidants in viral diseases: disease mechanisms and metabolic regulation. J Nutr 1997; 127: 962S–965S.

12
. Beck MA. Antioxidants and viral infections: host immune response and viral pathogenicity. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20(5 Suppl): 384S–388S, discussion 396S–397S.

13
. Peterhans E. Oxidants and antioxidants in viral diseases mechanisms and metabolic regulation. J Nutr 1997; 127: 962S–965S.

14
. Dreyfuss ML, Fawzi WW. Micronutrients and vertical transmission of HIV–1. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(6): 959–70.

15
. Domingo E. Newly emerging viral diseases: what role for nutrition? J Nutr 1999; 127: 958S–961S.

16
. Román GC. An epidemic in Cuba of optic neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral sensory neuropathy, and dorsolateral myeloneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 1994; 127: 11–28.

17
. Reid AH, Taubenberger JK, Fanning TG. The 1918 Spanish influenza: integrating history and biology. Microbes Infect 2001; 3(1): 81–87. Afkhami A. Compromised constitutions: the Iranian experience with the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med 2003; 77(2): 367–92.

Chapter 2: The Failure of Modern Medicine

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. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: control of infectious diseases. MMWR 1999; 48(29): 621–29.

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. McManus IC. Life expectation of Italian Renaissance artists. Lancet 1975; 1(7901): 266–67.

3
. Baicker K, Chandra A. Health affairs (2004): Medicare spending, the physician workforce, and beneficiaries' quality of care; DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.w4.184. Abramson J.
Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine.
HarperCollins, 2004.

4
. Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ 2009; 339: b4731; DOI:10.1136/bmj.b4731. Pantalone KM, Kattan MW, Yu C, et al. The risk of developing coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure, and overall mortality, in type 2 diabetic patients receiving rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, metformin, or sulfonylureas: a retrospective analysis. Acta Diabetol 2009; 46(2): 145–54.

5
. Bowker SL, Majumdar SR, Veugelers P, Johnson JA. Increased cancer-related mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin. Diab Care 2006; 29(2): 254–58.

6
. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Eng J Med 2008; 358(24): 254559.

7
. Sipahi I, Debanne SM, Rowland DY, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blockade and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lancet Oncol 2010, Jul; 11(7): 627–36.

8
. US Food and Drug Administration. Benicar (olmesartan): ongoing safety review. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm215249.htm.

9
. POISE Study Group. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2008; DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(08) 60601–7.

10
. Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Kostis JB, Pepine CJ. Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50(7): 563–72.

11
. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (1): CD002003.

12
. Swaminathan RV, Alexander KP. Pulse pressure and vascular risk in the elderly: associations and clinical implications. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2006; 15(4): 226–32; quiz 133–34.

13
. Mitchell GF, Vasan RS, Keyes MJ, et al. Pulse pressure and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2007; 297(7): 709–15.

14
. Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti CR, Hewkin AC, Kupfer S, Champion A, Kolloch R, Benetos A, Pepine CJ. Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med 2006, Jun 20; 144(12): 884–93.

15
. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medication-related adverse outcomes in U.S. hospitals and emergency departments: healthcare cost and utilization project statistical brief 109; 2008, Apr. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb109.pdf.

16
. Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza—United States, 1976–2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2010; 59(33); 1057–62.

17
. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivveti A, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (7): CD001269.

18
. Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Hamden AR, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (2): CD004879.

19
. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Al-Ansary LA, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (2): CD004876.

20
. Cauchon D. FDA advisers tied to industry. USA Today 2000, Sep 25. Chairman Dan Burton. Opening statement. Committee on government teform. FACA: Conflicts of interest and vaccine development: preserving the integrity of the process. 2000, Jun 15. 2154 Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, DC 20515.

21
. Watanabe T. Henoch-Schonlein purpura following influenza vaccinations during the pandemic of influenza A (H1N1). Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26(5): 795–98.

Chapter 3: Super Foods for Super Immunity

1
. Amadori D, Sansoni E, Amadori A. Ovarian cancer: natural history and metastatic pattern. Front in Biosc 1996; (1): 56–59.

2
. Stidley CA, Picchi MA, Leng S, et al. Multivitamins, folate, and green vegetables protect against gene promoter methylation in the aerodigestive tract of smokers. Cancer Res 2010, Jan 15; 70(2): 568–74.

3
. See, for example, Yuasa Y, Nagasaki H, Akiyama Y, et al. Relationship between CDX2 gene methylation and dietary factors in gastric cancer patients. Carcinog 2005; 26(1): 193–200.

4
. Walters DG, Young PJ, Agus C, et al. Cruciferous vegetable consumption alters the metabolism of the dietary carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4, 5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in humans. Carcinog 2004; 25: 1659–69.

5
. Higdon JV Delage B, Williams DE, et al. Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis. Pharma Res 2007, Mar; 55(3): 224–36.

6
. Brandi G, Schiavano GF, Zaffaroni N, et al. Mechanisms of action and antiproliferative properties of Brassica oleracea juice in human breast cancer cell lines. J Nutr 2005; 135(6): 1503–09. Gamet-Payrastre I, Li P, Lumeau S, et al. Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1426–33.

7
. Yuan F, Chen DZ, Liu K, et al. Anti-estrogenic activities of indole-3-carbinol in cervical cells: implication for prevention of cervical cancer. Anticancer Res 1999, May–Jun; 19(3a): 1673–80. Dalessandri KM, Firestone GL, Fitch MD, et al. Pilot study: effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplements on urinary hormone metabolites in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 2004; 50: 161–67.

8
. Michaud DS, Spiegelman D, Clinton SK, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of bladder cancer in a male prospective cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(7): 605–13.

9
. Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL. Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92(1): 61–68.

10
. Larsson SC, Hakansson N, Naslund I, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2006; 15: 301–5.

11
. Xue L, Pestka JJ, Li M, et al. 3, 3'-diindolylmethane stimulates murine immune function in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19(5): 336–44.

12
. Zeligs MA, Sepkovic DW, Manrique C. et al. Absorption-enhanced 3, 3'-diindolylmethane: human use in HPV-related, benign, and pre-cancerous conditions. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2003; 44: 3198.

13
. Conrad A, Bauer D, Nobis T, et al. In vitro activity of a mixture of mustard oils (isothiocyanates) against antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria. 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2008, Apr 19; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract number: P614.

14
. Fahey JW, Haristoy X, Dolan PM, et al. Sulforaphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular, and antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzo[a]pyrene-induced stomach tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2002; 99(11): 7610–15. Haristoy X, Angioi-Duprez K, Duprez A, Lozniewski A. Efficacy of sulforaphane in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in human gastric xenografts implanted in nude mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(12): 3982–84. Galan MV, Kishan AA, Silverman AL. Oral broccoli sprouts for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 49(7–8): 1088–90.