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. Ellsworth JL, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Frequent nut intake and risk of death from coronary heart disease and all causes in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001; 11(6): 372–77.

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. Coates AM, Howe PR. Edible nuts and metabolic health. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007; 18(1): 25–30. Segura R, Javierre C, Lizarraga MA, Ros E. Other relevant components of nuts: phytosterols, folate, and minerals. Br J Nutr 2006; 96(2 Suppl): S36–44.

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. Gualberto A, Pollak M. Emerging role of insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibitors in oncology: early clinical trial results and future directions. Oncogene 2009; 28: 3009–21.

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. Bartke A. Minireview: role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in mammalian aging. Endocrinol 2005; 146: 3718–23.

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. Kaaks R. Nutrition, insulin, IGF-1 metabolism, and cancer risk: a summary of epidemiological evidence. Novartis Found Symp 2004; 262: 247–60; discussion 260–68. McCarty MF. Vegan proteins may reduce risk of cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disease by promoting increased glucagon activity. Med Hypoth 1999; 53: 459–85.

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. Laron Z. The GH-IGF1 axis and longevity: the paradigm of IGF1 deficiency. Hormones (Athens) 2008; 7: 24–27.

17
. Bonafe M, Barbieri M, Marchegiani F, et al. Polymorphic variants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor and phosphoinositide 3-kinase genes affect IGF-I plasma levels and human longevity: cues for an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of life span control. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3299–304. Cheng CL, Gao TQ, Wang Z, et al. Role of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling pathway in longevity. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 1891–95.

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21
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22
. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 1998; 351: 1393–96.

23
. Lann D, LeRoith D. The role of endocrine insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13: 371–79. Allen NE, Roddam AW, Allen DS, et al. A prospective study of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3 and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 1283–87. Fletcher O, Gibson L, Johnson N, et al. Polymorphisms and circulating levels in the insulin-like growth factor system and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2005; 14: 2–19. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, et al. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 2004; 363: 1346–53. Shi R, Yu H, McLarty J, et al. IGF-I and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 418–23. Sugumar A, Liu YC, Xia Q, et al. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis of literature. Int J Cancer 2004; 111: 293–97. Baglietto L, English DR, Hopper JL, et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2007; 16: 763–68.

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. Davies M, Gupta S, Goldspink G, et al. The insulin-like growth factor system and colorectal cancer: clinical and experimental evidence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 201–8. Sandhu MS, Dunger DB, Giovannucci EL. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding proteins, their biologic interactions, and colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 972–80. Werner H, Bruchim I. The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor as an oncogene. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009; 115: 58–71.

25
. Rowlands MA, Gunnell D, Harris R, et al. Circulating insulin-like growth factor peptides and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2416–29. Weiss JM, Huang WY, Rinaldi S, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2345–50.

26
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27
. Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Liu Y, et al. Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2003; 12: 84–89.

28
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29
. Holmes MD, Pollak MN, Willett WC, et al. Dietary correlates of plasma insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2002; 11: 852–61.

30
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32
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Chapter 6: Making the Right Choices

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2
. Robbins J.
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5
. Fraser G.
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. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Austin MD, et al. Upper respiratory tract infection is reduced in physically fit and active adults. Br J Sports Med; DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2010.077875.

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. Lee I, Hsieh C, Paffenbarger RS. Exercise intensity and longevity in men. JAMA 1995; 273: 1179–84.

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. Franco OH, de Laet C, Peeters A, et al. Effects of physical activity on life expectancy with cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165(20): 2355–60.

9
. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (2): CD007176.

10
. Xu Q, Parks CG, DeRoo LA, et al. Multivitamin use and telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(6): 1857–63.

11
. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med 1996; 334(18): 1150–55. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med 1996; 334(18): 1145–49. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Nat Cancer Inst 1996; 88(21): 1560–70. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997; 349(9067): 1715–20.