Super Immunity (38 page)

55
. Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 71(3): 203–17. Kohno H, Suzuki R, Yasui Y, et al. Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Sci 2004; 95(6): 481–86. Toi M, Bando H, Ramachandran C, et al. Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate fractions in vitro and in vivo. Angiogen 2003; 6(2): 121–28. Kawaii S, Lansky EP. Differentiation-promoting activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Med Food 2004; 7(1): 13–18.

56
. Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin coveting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atheroscl 2001; 158(1): 195–8.

57
. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Rosenblat M, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(5): 1062–76.

58
. Mori-Okamoto J, Otawara-Hamamoto Y, Yamato H, Yoshimura H. Pomegranate extract improves a depressive state and bone properties in menopausal syndrome model ovariectomized mice. J Ethnopharma 2004; 92(1): 93–101.

59
. American Society of Nephrology (2010, Nov 19). Pomegranate juice reduces damage to tissues, inflammation, and infections, study suggests. Science Daily. Retrieved Mar 12, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101119083126.htm.

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. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure, and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr 2004; 23(3): 423–33.

61
. Adams LS, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, et al. Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived compounds exhibit antiproliferative and antiaromatase activity in breast cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Prev Res 2010; 3(1): 108–13.

62
. Syed DN, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Pomegranate derived products for cancer chemoprevention. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17(5): 377–85.

63
. Stoner GD, Dombkowski AA, Reen RK, et al. Carcinogen-altered genes in Rat esophagus positively modulated to normal levels of expression by both black raspberries and phenylethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Res 2008; 68(15): 6460–67.

64
. Ravoori S, Kausar H, Aqil F, et al. Distinct molecular targets of blueberry and black raspberry in breast cancer prevention. Cancer Res 2010; 70(8): S1.

65
. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998; 317(7169): 1341–45. Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Willett WC, et al. Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the Physicians' Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(12): 1382–87. Kris-Etherton PM, Hu FB, Ros E, et al. The role of tree nuts and peanuts in the prevention of coronary heart disease: multiple potential mechanisms. J Nutr 2008; 138(9): 1746S–1751S. Ellsworth JL, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Frequent nut intake and risk of death from coronary heart disease and all causes in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001; 11(6): 372–77. Sabaté J, Oda K, Ros E. Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials. Arch Intern Med 2010 May 10; 170(9): 821–27. Bes-Rastrollo M, Wedick NM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, et al. Prospective study of nut consumption, long-term weight change, and obesity risk in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(6): 1913–19.

66
. Thompson LU, Chen JM, Li T, et al. Dietary flaxseed alters tumor biological markers in postmenopausal breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11(10): 3828–35.

67
. Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L, et al. Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutr Cancer 2001; 39(1): 66–71.

68
. Wu WH, Kang YP, Wang NH, et al. Sesame ingestion affects sex hormones, antioxidant status, and blood lipids in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2006; 136(5): 1270–75.

Chapter 4: Colds and Flu—What We Need to Know

1
. Linder JA, Singer DE. Desire for antibiotics and antibiotic prescribing for adults with upper respiratory tract infections. J Gen Intern Med 2003; 18(10): 795–801. Nash DR, Harman J, Wald ER, Kelleher KJ. Antibiotic prescribing by primary care physicians for children with upper respiratory tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002; 156(11): 1114–19.

2
. Stone S, Gonzales R, Maselli J, Lowenstein SR. Antibiotic prescribing for patients with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis: a national study of hospital-based emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36(4): 320–27.

3
. Sharp HJ, Denman D, Puumala S, Leopold DA. Treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis in the United States, 1999–2002. Arch Otolaryng Head Neck Surg 2007, Mar; 133(3): 260–65.

4
. DiFrancesco E. Stop treating colds with antibiotics. Infect Dis News 1992, Aug; 12. Orr PH, Scherer KS, Macdonald A, Moffatt MEK. Randomized placebo-controlled trials of antibiotics for acute bronchitis: a critical review of the literature. J Fam Pract 1993; 36: 507–12.

5
. Shehab N, Patel PR, Srinivasan A, Budnitz DS. Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events. Clin Infect Dis 2008, Sep 15; 47(6): 735–43.

6
. Beringer PM, Wong-Beringer A, Rho JP. Economic aspects of antibacterial adverse effects. PharmacoEcon 1998, Jan; 13: 35–49.

7
. Chang ET, Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H, et al. Medication use and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162(10): 965–74.

8
. Velicer CM, Heckbert SR, Lampe JW, et al. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2004; 291: 827–35.

9
. Crider KS, Cleves MA, Reefhuis J, et al. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: national birth defects prevention study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163(11): 978–85.

10
. Belanger K, Murk W, Bracken MB. Antibiotic exposure by 6 months and asthma and allergy at 6 years: findings in a cohort of 1,401 U.S. children. Am J Epidemiol 2010; DOI:10.1093/aje/kwq400.

11
. Paul IM, Yoder KE, Crowell KR, et al. Effect of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, and placebo on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing. Pediatrics 2004; 114(1): e85-e90.

12
. Sutter AI, Lemiengre M, Campbell H, Mackinnon HF. Antihistamines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (3): CD001267.

13
. Simasek M, Blandino DA. Treatment of the common cold. Am Fam Phys 2007, Feb 15; 75(4): 515–20.

14
. Mackowiak P. Benefits versus risk of the febrile response. In Mackowiak P, ed.
Fever: Basic Mechanisms and Management.
Lippincott-Raven, 1997; 279–86. Husseini RH, Sweet C, Collie MH, et al. Elevation of nasal viral levels by suppression of fever in ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 520–24.

15
. Graham NM, Burrell CJ, Douglas RM, et al. Adverse effects of aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen on immune function, viral shedding, and clinical status in rhinovirus-infected volunteers. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 1277–82. Stanley ED, Jackson GG, Panusarn C, et al. Increased virus shedding with aspirin treatment of rhinovirus infection. JAMA 1975; 231: 1248–51
.

16
. Graham NM, Burrell CJ, Douglas RM, et al. Adverse effects of aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen on immune function, viral shedding, and clinical status in rhinovirus-infected volunteers. J Infect Dis. 1990; 162(6): 1277–82.

17
. Rennard BO, Ertl RF, Gossman GL, et al. Chicken soup inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Chest 2000; 118(4): 1150–57.

18
. Singh M. Heated, humidified air for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; (4): CD001728. Arroll B. Non-antibiotic treatments for upper-respiratory tract infections (common cold). Respir Med 2005; 99(12): 1477–84. Moore M, Little P. Humidified air inhalation for treating croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (3): CD002870.

19
. Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB. Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (4): CD004419.

20
. Rabago D, Zgierska A, Mundt MJ, et al. Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Fam Pract 2002; 51(12): 1049–55.

21
. Kassel JC, King D, Spurling GK. Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (3): CD006821.

22
. Vickers AJ, Smith C. Homoeopathic Oscillococcinum for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like syndromes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (3): CD001957.

23
. Douglas RM, Hemilä H, Chalker E, et al. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (3): CD000980.

24
. Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290(21): 2824–30.

25
. Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 341–48. Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1237–41.

26
. Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (3): CD006206. Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther 2001; 18(4): 189–93.

27
. Chen Q, Ganapathy S, Singh KP, et al. Resveratrol induces growth arrest and apoptosis through activation of FOXO transcription factors in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2010; 5(12): e15288. Patel KR, Brown VA, Jones DJ, et al. Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 2010; 70(19): 7392–99.

28
. Ghanim H, Sia CL, Korzeniewski K, et al. A resveratrol and polyphenol preparation suppresses oxidative and inflammatory stress response to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 0: jc.2010–1812v1-jc.2010–1812.

29
. Kraft TE, Parisotto D, Schempp C, Efferth T. Fighting cancer with red wine? Molecular mechanisms of resveratrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49(9): 782–99.

30
. Meydani SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE, et al. Serum zinc and pneumonia in nursing home elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(4): 1167–73.

31
. Fischer Walker C, Black RE. Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Ann Rev Nutr 2004; 24: 255–75.

32
. Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (2): CD001364.

33
. Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau JC, et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134: 1129–40. Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1255–60.

34
. Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg HM, et al. Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Endocr Pract 2009; 15: 438–49.

35
. Roschek B Jr, Fink RC, McMichael MD, et al. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochem 2009; 70: 1255–61.

36
. Zakay-Rones Z, Thom E, Wollan T, Wadstein J. Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J Int Med Res 2004; 32: 132–40. Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review of the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res 2010; 24(1): 1–8.

37
. Roll S, Nocon M, Willich SN, et al. Reduction of common cold symptoms by encapsulated juice powder concentrate of fruits and vegetables: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Brit J Nutr 2011; 105: 118–22.

38
. Barringer TA, Kirk JK, Santaniello AC. Effect of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on infection and quality of life: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138(5): 365–71.

Chapter 5: Healthy Carbs, Fats, and Proteins

1
. Lanza E, Hartman TJ, Albert PS, et al. High dry bean intake and reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenoma recurrence among participants in the polyp prevention trial. J Nutr 2006; 136: 1896–903. Finley JW, Burrell JB, Reeves PG, et al. Pinto bean consumption changes SCFA profiles in fecal fermentations, bacterial populations of the lower bowel, and lipid profiles in blood of humans. J Nutr 2007; 137(11): 2391–98.

2
. Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, van der A DL, et al. Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92(4): 905–11. Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk—a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, Mar; 87(3): 627–37. Gnagnarella P, Gandini S, La Vecchia C, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1793–801. Sieri S, Krogh V, Berrino F, et al. Dietary glycemic load and index and risk of coronary heart disease in a large Italian cohort: the EPICOR study. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 640–47. Buyken AE, Toeller M, Heitkamp G, et al. Glycemic index in the diet of European outpatients with type 1 diabetes: relations to glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73(3): 574–81.