The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (57 page)

December 1975: North from Jerusalem

1.
Gila Gouri,
Derekh Umikdash
(Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, 1976), 67; Haim Gouri, interview.

2.
Haim Gouri, “Yom Valailah Bashomron,”
Yediot Aharonot
, Dec. 12, 1975; Gouri, interview;
Ma’ariv
, Dec. 8, 1975, 1.

3.
Haim Gouri,
Dapim Yerushalmiyim
(Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, 1968), 284–86; Gouri, “Yom Valailah”; Gouri, interview.

4.
Gouri, “Yom Valailah.”

5.
Gouri, “Yom Valailah”; Gouri, interview.

6.
Gouri, “Yom Valailah.”

7.
E.g., William B. Quandt,
Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab Israeli Conflict Since 1967
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution/Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 207; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), 1043; William Bundy,
A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1998).

8.
Gouri, interview.

1. The Avalanche

1.
Gouri,
Dapim
, 258–64.

2.
Jordanian-Israeli General Armistice Agreement, April 3, 1949,
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/arm03.htm
; Benny Morris,
Milhamot Hagvul Shel Yisrael 1949–1956
(Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1996), 15ff.

3.
Anita Shapira,
Yigal Allon: Aviv Heldo
(Igal Allon: Spring of His Life) (Tel Aviv: Hasifriah Hahadashah, 2004), 220.

4.
Shlomo Gazit,
Peta’im Bemalkodet
(Trapped) (Tel Aviv: Zmora-Bitan, 1999), 15; Eitan Haber,
Hayom Tifrotz Milhamah
(Today War Will Break Out: The Reminiscences of Brig. Gen. Israel Lior) (Tel Aviv: Edanim/Yediot Aharonot, 1987), 147; Arnan (Sini) Azaryahu, interview.

5.
Shlomo Lahat, interview; Benny Morris,
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict 1881–1999
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999), 302.

6.
Morris,
Victims
, 304.

7.
Morris,
Victims
, 304; Michael B. Oren,
Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 22ff; Avi Shlaim,
The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World
(New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company, 2001), 222ff.

8.
Shlaim, 235ff; Oren, 45–46.

9.
Oren, 46–47; Shlaim 234–35; Morris,
Victims
304; Gazit,
Peta’im
, 20; Eytan Sat, interview.

10.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 20.

11.
Shlaim, 221; Shlomo Lahat, interview.

12.
Yossi Beilin,
Mehiro Shel Ihud: Mifleget Ha’avodah Ad Milhemet Yom Hakippurim
(Tel Aviv: Revivim, 1985), 44–45.

13.
Morris,
Milhamot
, 16–23; Morris,
Victims
192; Central Bureau of Statistics,
Statistical Abstract of Israel 2004 No. 55
,
www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton55/st02_01.pdf
.

14.
Moshe Dayan,
Story of My Life: An Autobiography
(New York: William Morrow, 1976), 188–90, 200–201; Morris,
Victims
, 289–90.

15.
Morris,
Victims
, 291–301; Meron Medzini,
Hayehudiah Hageah: Golda Meir Vahazon Yisrael, Biografiah Politit
(The Proud Jewess: Golda Meir and the Vision of Israel. A Political Biography) (Jerusalem: Edanim, 1990), 250–57; LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 2, document 40.

16.
Shlaim, 222.

17.
Beilin, 45.

18.
Moshe Halbertal, interview.

19.
Yonathan Shapira,
Leshilton Behartanu
(Chosen to Command: The Road to Power of the Herut Party—A Sociopolitical Interpretation) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1989), 9–10.

20.
Arye Naor,
Eretz Yisrael Hashlemah: Emunah Umdiniyut
(Greater Israel: Theology and Policy) (Haifa: University of Haifa Press/Zmora-Bitan, 2001), 99–100; Shlaim, 224.

21.
Anita Shapira, “From the Palmach Generation to the Candle Children: Changing Patterns in Israeli Identity,”
Partisan Review
67, no. 4 (2000).

22.
Gouri,
Dapim
, 259–62.

23.
Bivritekh
(Tel Aviv: Hamahanot Ha’olim, 5688 [1937–38]).

24.
Shapira,
Yigal Allon
, 10.

25.
See Jay Y. Gonen,
A Psychohistory of Zionism
(New York: Mason/Charter, 1975), 3–19.

26.
Haim Gouri, “Hashivah Le’Abu Dis,”
Ha’aretz,
May 25, 2004.

27.
Naor, 104–22; Zeev Tsur,
Mipulmus Hahalukah Ad Tokhnit Allon
(From the Partition Dispute to the Allon Plan), 24–25, 72 (Ramat Efal: Tabenkin Institute, 1982); Yehudah Harel, interview; Yehuda Harell,
Tabenkin’s View of Socialism
, trans. Hanna Lash (Ramat Efal: Yad Tabenkin, 1988).

28.
Tsur,
Mipulmus
, 31; Beilin, 22–24.

29.
Gouri, interview.

30.
Tsur,
Mipulmus
, 73–74; Shapira,
Yigal Allon
, 444–48; YAOH, VII:10.

31.
Gouri, interview.

32.
Naor, 117.

33.
Ibid., 120.

34.
Gouri,
Dapim
, 254.

35.
Ibid., 262–64.

36.
Porat, interview.

37.
Jacob Katz, “The Jewish National Movement: A Sociological Analysis,”
Jewish Society Through the Ages
, ed. H.H. Ben-Sasson and S. Ettinger (New York: Schocken, 1971), 267.

38.
Moshe Moskovic, interview.

39.
Moskovic, interview; Porat, interview.

40.
Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre,
O Jerusalem
(London: Pan, 1973), 349–52, 365–69, 393; Morris,
Victims,
214; Yohanan Ben-Yaakov, ed.,
Gush Etzion: Hamishim Shnot Ma’avak Viytzirah
(Alon Shvut: Yad Shapira, 1983), 316ff; Hanan Porat, interview.

41.
Ben-Yaakov, 336; YLE, 5/31, Settlement Department memo to Levi Eshkol, Sept. 12, 1967.

42.
Hanan Porat, interview; Ben-Yaakov, 323–36.

43.
Porat, interview; Moskovic, interview; Ben-Yaakov, 335.

44.
Porat, interview.

45.
Eliezer Don Yehiya, “The Book and the Sword: the Nationalist Yeshivot and Political Radicalism in Israel,”
Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements
, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The Fundamentalism Project, University of Chicago Press, 1994), 67–68.

46.
Avraham Yitzhak Hacohen Kook,
Orot
(Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 5753 [1992–93]), 9, 83–85, 102–4, 121–23; Johann Gottfried von Herder,
Reflections on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind,
ed. Frank E. Manuel (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1968); Aviezer Ravitzky,
Haketz Hamguleh Umdinat Hayehudim
(Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1993), chap. 3. Kook scholar Yehudah Mirsky (interview) notes that Kook absorbed European philosophy through the rich Hebrew and Yiddish periodical press of his time and philosophical works in Hebrew, including the translation of Moshe Hess’s
Rome and Jerusalem
and particularly Nahman Krochmal’s
Guide to the Perplexed of the Time
, which itself shows the strong influence of both Hegel and Herder.

47.
Ravitzky, 170.

48.
Lamentations 3:28, in third person in the original; Joel 4:2.

49.
Kook’s speech, transcribed by students, was published as “Mizmor Yod-Tet Shel Medinat Yisrael,” in various formats, including A. Ben-Ami, ed.,
Hakol: Gvulot Hashalom Shel Eretz Yisrael
(Hakol: The Peace Frontiers of Israel) (Tel Aviv: Madaf, 1967), 65–75.

50.
Psalms 118:23.

51.
LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 1, document 2a; Haber 147–49; Morris,
Victims
, 302–5.

52.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 20. In some accounts of the war, the first performance of the song is incorrectly dated to the previous night, May 14. The correct time appears in schedules of holiday events in the daily
Davar
, May 14, 1967.

53.
Naomi Shemer, “Jerusalem of Gold,”
www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/templates/BigPicture.aspx?GifsSrcEnding=&PageTitle=50%20Years%20of%20Hebrew%20Song&ImgSource=/NR/rdonlyres/BEC65C24-4D3-47BF-AE0AEAFFDD1E94BA/38043/MFAG005e0.gif
; Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Nedarim 50a; Tractate Shabbat 59a.

54.
Rabbi Yehudah Halevi, “Tzion Halo Tishali,”
benyehuda.org/rihal/Rihal1_4.html
; Psalm 137.

55.
LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 2, document 40.

56.
Jehuda Wallach,
Atlas Carta Letoldot Medinat Yisrael: Asor Sheni
(Carta’s Atlas of Israel: The Second Decade, 1961–1971) (Jerusalem: Carta, 1980), 53; Oren, 129–32; Morris,
Victims
, 310.

57.
LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 1, document 2a.

58.
The problem of convincing Congress came up repeatedly in top-level administration meetings. See LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol 2, tab 42, document 32.

59.
FRUS XIX:49.

60.
LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 2, document 33; FRUS XIX:77.

61.
Arnon Lammfromm and Hagai Tsoref, eds.,
Levi Eshkol: Rosh Hamemshelah Hashlishi
(Levi Eshkol: The Third Prime Minister) (Jerusalem: Israel State Archives, 2002), 540.

62.
Oren, 140.

63.
Lammfromm, xviii–xix.

64.
Arie (Lova) Eliav, interview.

65.
E.g., ISA 153.8/7920/7A, Eshkol speech to Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, November 22, 1967.

66.
Shapira,
Yigal Allon
, photo inset after 384; Dayan, 40.

67.
YAOH IV:11.

68.
Shapira,
Yigal Allon
, 9.

69.
Ibid., 477.

70.
Ibid., 464–69; Henry Kissinger,
White House Years
(Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1979), 341.

71.
Zorach Warhaftig,
Hamishim Shanah Veshanah: Pirkei Zikhronot
(Fifty Years, From Year to Year: Memories) (Jerusalem: Yad Shapira, 1998), 185–86.

72.
YAOH II:5.

73.
Oren, 81, 90.

74.
Oren, 153; Dayan, 330.

75.
Lammfromm, 532–33.

76.
Abba Eban,
An Autobiography
(New York: Random House, 1977), 400; cf. Naor, 33–34.

77.
Rina Kalinov, ed.,
Kobi Rabinovich: Na’an, Merom Golan
(Israel: Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, 1981), 17–21.

78.
Porat, interview.

79.
Gouri,
Dapim
, 264–67.

80.
Lammfromm, 550; LBJ, NSC histories, Middle East Crisis, vol. 1, document 2b; Oren 156–57.

81.
Carl von Clausewitz,
On War,%
trans. J. J. Graham (London, 1877), chap. 7,
www.clausewitz.com/CWZHOME/On_War/ONWARTOC.html
.

82.
Lammfromm, 555.

83.
Naor, 33.