The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (61 page)

14.
David C. Rapoport, “The Fourth Wave: September 11 and the History of Terrorism,”
Current History
, Dec. 2001, 419–25.

15.
Frantz Fanon,
The Wretched of the Earth,
trans. Constance Farrington, (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1985), 29, 56–70, 74; Ely Karmon, “Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine: International Terrorism Strategies (1968–1990),”
www.ict.org.il/articles/fatah-pflhtm
.

16.
Shehadeh, 54, 67–74; on “resistance movements” as a response to feelings of passivity, see also Hilary Kilpatrick’s introduction to Ghassan Kanafani,
Men in the Sun and Other Palestinian Stories
, trans. Hilary Kilpatrick (London: Heinemann, 1982), 3–4.

17.
Perry, 47–58.

18.
Amos Oz, “Eretz Moledet,” published in three parts in
Davar,
November 10, 15, and 17, 1967. Translation from Oz,
Under This Blazing Light
, 79–101.

19.
ISA 153.8/7921/4A, memo of Nov. 12, 1967.

20.
Zak, 152–53.

21.
Gorenberg,
End of Days
, 82, and sources cited there.

22.
ISA 153.8/7921/3, Dec. 7, 1967.

23.
Moshe Levinger, “Kakh Zeh Hit’hil,”
www.hebron.co.il/agdot/ag29.html
; Levinger, interview; cf. Segal, 13–14. Segal’s version does not cite sources, but closely follows Levinger’s accounts.

24.
Levinger, “Kakh Zeh Hit’hil”; Gazit, interview.

25.
Yisrael Harel, interview.

26.
Pedatzur, 230–31.

27.
See the original text of the Allon Plan, ISA 153.8/7921/2A, document 192.

28.
YLE 5/31.

29.
Levinger, “Kakh Zeh Hit’hil”; Levinger, interview; cf. Segal, 13–14.

30.
Segal, 13–14; NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Tel Aviv Airgram A-218, Apr. 17, 1968; NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Amman cable 0076, July 5, 1967. Warhaftig, 300, incorrectly puts the murder on the day that Levinger’s group entered the hotel, but also describes it as a possible warning.

31.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Tel Aviv Airgram A-218, Apr. 17, 1968.

32.
Benziman, 253–54.

33.
ISA 153.8/7920/8A, document 51–52, Sept. 17, 1967.

34.
Benziman, 259.

35.
Benziman, 259–61; LBJ NSF country files Israel, vol. 8, documents 61, 3; ISA 153.8/7920/8A, document 243, Feb. 29, 1968; cf. ISA 153.8/7920/8A, document 102–27.

36.
ISA 153.8/7920/8A document 160 (28), Mar. 11, 1968.

37.
Benziman, 261–62.

38.
ISA 153.8/7921/4A document 201–13, Feb. 19, 1968; Hagar Sereni, interview.

39.
ISA 153.8/7921/4A document 206–18, Mar. 20, 1968.

40.
ISA 153.8/7921/4A document 208–20, Mar. 27, 1968; ISA 153.8/7921/4A, document 252, Apr. 2, 1968; on Karameh battle, Morris,
Victims
, 368–370.

41.
ISA 153.8/7931/1A, document 107–119.

42.
FRUS XX:137.

43.
Benjamin Katzover, interview; Levinger, interview. Shvut, 39, says the settlers arrived Apr. 11; Shabtai Teveth,
Klalat Habrakhah
(Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1973), 229, gives the date as Apr. 10. Levinger and other interviewees, however, speak of arriving only hours before the holiday on Apr. 12.

44.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 225; MER III:285; Shvut, 39.

45.
Teveth 231, 236–37; Dayan, 415–17. While Dayan acknowledges that he was out of action during the Karameh operation, neither he nor Teveth mentions that he was digging illegally. Kletter, “General Archaeologist,” shows that Dayan had already been warned that his activities at the site were illegal, and had continued his looting.

46.
YAOH IV:17.

47.
Levinger, “Kakh Zeh Hit’hil”; Levinger, interview; Segal, 14–15.

48.
Yisrael Harel, interview.

49.
Levinger, interview.

50.
Segal, 16.

51.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 28 Jerusalem, Jerusalem Airgram A-131, January 31, 1968.

52.
Bar, interview; Yehudah Harel, interview;
Merom Golan: Reshit,
38.

53.
Kalinov, 57–58.

54.
Perry, 9–14.

55.
Levinger, interview; Katzover, interview.

56.
Gazit, interview.

57.
Dayan, 417–19.

58.
Teveth, 236.

59.
Katzover, interview.

60.
YTA 15Allon/18/4. The telegram states that it was sent at 1710 hours, Apr. 14; Apr. 15 is marked in hand by Allon’s staff.

61.
Lamerhav,
Apr. 16, 1968.

62.
Porat, interview. Admoni, in Ad. MS 76:36 describes Zevulun Hammer citing the incident in the cabinet meeting of May 9, 1975. Admoni, treating the incident as well-known, comments that moving army-issue guns from Kfar Etzion to Hebron “violated all instructions and directions concerning use of weapons provided to settlements.” In YAOH VI:18, Allon justifies his action by saying that on returning to Jerusalem, he asked Eshkol’s aide-de-camp to inform Dayan that the guns had been sent. By the time of the interview, Allon was defensive about his ties to Levinger and Porat, and about his role in encouraging wildcat settlement. His defense of his actions, however, confirms that the incident took place.

63.
Teveth, 233.

64.
Moshe Ma’oz,
Palestinian Leadership on the West Bank: The Changing Role of Arab Mayors Under Jordan and Israel
(London: Frank Cass, 1984), 8–9, 24–25, 32, 50, 95ff; Bavly, 258; YTA 15Allon/18/3.

65.
Teveth, 233–234; YLE 5/31 telegram of May 7, 1968;
Lamerhav,
May 9, 1968; Levinger, interview.

66.
Lemerhav
, April 18, 1968, 1.

67.
YTA 15Allon/18/4, Apr. 18, 1968, received Apr. 26, 1968.

68.
Pedatzur, 233.

69.
Teveth, 235.

70.
YLE 5/31, May 12, 1968.

71.
Pedatzur, 235.

72.
James Feron, “Hebron Settlers May Stay in Town,”
New York Times,
May 16, 1968, 13.

73.
Waldman continued to develop this idea; see Eliezer Waldman,
Al Da’at Hamakom Vehazman
(Kiryat Arba, 5743), 18ff.

74.
Katzover, interview; Shvut, 41; Segal, 18; cf. ISA 153.8/7921/4A, meeting of May 29, 1968, in which Dayan refers to the “yeshivah in Hebron”; YLE 5/31, Hebron settlers’ letter to Levi Eshkol, received Aug. 11, 1968, which cites the government’s commitment to allow a yeshivah.

75.
E.g., ISA 153.8/7921/4A, meeting of May 29, 1968.

76.
Levinger, interview.

77.
Teveth, 237.

78.
ISA 153.8/7921/4A, document 203–25.

79.
Gazit, interview; Sereni, interview.

80.
FRUS XX:186, 187; Zak 156.

81.
See FRUS XX:134.

82.
YAOH VII:22; cf. Pedatzur, 78–79.

83.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Tel Aviv cable 4099.

84.
ISA 153.8/7921/4A, meeting of May 29, 1968. On contacts with Shehadeh and Kanan, Gazit,
Peta’im
, 178ff. On Dayan’s political behavior, Gazit,
Peta’im
, 148 and Gazit, interview.

85.
Terence Smith, “Eshkol Plan Stirs Political Storm,”
New York Times
, June 15, 1968, 7.

86.
Haim Gouri, “Leyad Hagesher,”
Lamerhav,
July 5, 1968.

87.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 178–85; ISA 153.8/7921/4A, documents 216–28; ISA 153.8/7921/8A, meeting of July 12, 1968; ISA 153.8/7921/5A, documents 230–42, 239–51, 60. Dayan-Eshkol dialogue is in document 60.

88.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 185.

89.
MER IV:431.

90.
Shehadeh, 68.

91.
Katzover, interview; on living conditions in Hebron, Chaim Simons,
Three Years in a Military Compound: Reminiscences of a Hebron Settler,
ms.

92.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 28 Jordan, memorandum of July 23, 1968.

93.
YLE 5/31. Eshkol’s office received the letter on August 11, but it was sent the previous week. The precise date is unclear due to a typographical error. Capital letters have been used to translate the extra-large letters provided on Hebrew typewriters of the time for emphasis. On Dayan’s tactic, Teveth, 239.

94.
Gazit,
Peta’im,
226; Gazit, interview; Katzover, interview; “Shloshah Mitnahalei Hevron…,”
Hatzofeh,
Aug. 9, 1968, 8; Micha Limor, “Mitnahalei Hevron…,”
Yediot Aharonot,
Aug. 12, 1968, 3. Press reports at the time all indicate that the kiosk was set up the day of the wedding, but that the confrontation took place only the next day, indicating that the settlers had at least tacit approval the first day.

95.
Limor, “Mitnahalei Hevron…”; “Ukav Hagerush…,”
Hatzofeh,
Aug. 12, 1968, 1; Katzover, interview.

96.
Lammfromm, 641–42.

97.
Pedatzur, 237.

98.
Pedatzur, 238–39.

99.
YLE 5/31, 27 Av, 5728 (Aug. 21, 1968).

100.
YLE 5/31, Aug. 22, 1968.

101.
ISA 153.8/7931/3A, document 117.

102.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, memo of Sept. 25, 1968, signed by Eshkol’s liaison with West Bank Arabs, Moshe Sasson; his East Jerusalem development director, Yehudah Tamir; and Col. Aharon Harsinah.

103.
Katzover, interview.

104.
ISA 43/7231/4A, document 98.

105.
Admoni,
Asor
, 59; YAOH VI:18–19.

106.
Moshe Moskovic private papers, July 7, 1968, letter from Col. Dan Hiram to commander of Judea and Samaria Area; ISA 153.8/7920/7A, documents 216–217; YLE 5/31, Sept. 3, 1968; Moskovic, interview; M. Menahem, “Hayshivah El Mul Hakotel,”
Zra’im,
Nisan, 5728 (Mar.–Apr. 1968) 6–7; Klein, 141–42.

107.
Perry, 59–61.

6. Changing of the Guard

1.
YAOH V:1–4; VI1–2. Official announcement of the Phantom deal was Oct. 9, 1968, see Quandt, 58.

2.
FRUS XX:247; LBJ, President’s Daily Diary, September 9, 1968; LBJ NSF country files, Israel, vol. 10, Memos, document 227a; NARA RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL Israel-US 1968, Memo 12241, Sept. 9, 1968.

3.
FRUS XX:217.

4.
YAOH II:29–30; ISA 153.8/7921/5A, documents 253–65, 256–68.

5.
Joseph Sisco, interview.

6.
ISA 153.8/7921/13A, political committee, Sept. 20, 1969.

7.
YAOH VI:3.

8.
YAOH VI:1–3; Zak, 157ff; Pedatzur, 141–43.

9.
YAOH XVII:8.

10.
Pedatzur, 221; Zak, 160.

11.
YAOH IV:1–6, VIII:2–4.

12.
LBJ NSF country files Israel, vol 10, cables, document 46. On American officials’ consistent dismissal of the Allon Plan see also NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL ISR-US, Memcon of Nov. 18, 1968.

13.
YAOH IV:1–6, VIII:2.