The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (59 page)

87.
Moshe Moskovic, interview and private papers; Refael Bashan, “Hamassu’ah Al Hehar Hudlakah Shuv,”
Ma’ariv
September 29, 1967; ISA 153.8/7920/7A.

88.
MGA 502-10-01-01, Rafael Ben-Yehudah’s diary;
Alei Golan
, no. 32, July 16, 1968, 2–4; Admoni,
Asor
, 23–24.

89.
Eytan Sat, interview; Yehudah Harel, interview; Admoni,
Asor
, 23.

3. Silent Cowboys on the New Frontier

1.
Yehudah Harel, interview; Yehudah Harel, “Meharamah Hasurit Leramat Hagolan,” author’s ms.

2.
KMA, Mazkirut Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, box 15, book 90; Tsur,
Mipulmus
, 85; Beilin, 35; Naor, 43.

3.
YTA, Mazkirut Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, box 15, book 90.

4.
Azaryahu, interview.

5.
KMA 5/26/1, Mo’etzet Hakibbutz Hame’uhad decisions, June 23–24, 1967.

6.
Alei Golan
, no. 32, July 16, 1968, 2–4; Yehudah Harel, interview; Yehudah Harel, “Meharamah Hasurit.” Cf. Tabenkin’s comments in KMA 5/26/1, Mo’etzet Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, June 23, 1967. At the end of 1966, there were 232 kibbutzim; see
Statistical Abstract of Israel,
no. 18, 1967 (Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics, 1968).

7.
Alei Golan
, no. 185, June 30, 1972.

8.
Eytan Sat, interview.

9.
Admoni,
Asor
, 22; Pedatzur, 177–79.

10.
YAOH VI:11–12. Allon’s proposal to the cabinet actually refers to “work camps.”

11.
YAOH VI:11–12.

12.
MGA, Rafael Ben-Yehudah diary.

13.
Admoni, interview;
Merom Golan: Reshit
(Merom Golan, 1977), 9.

14.
MGA, Rafael Ben-Yehudah diary; Sat, interview.

15.
Carmel Bar, interview;
Merom Golan: Reshit
8; MGA, Rafael Ben-Yehudah diary; Vardina Shnurman, “Esrim Vehamesh Shanim Le’ahar Quneitrah,”
Eretz Hagolan,
May 15, 1997, 12–14. There are minor variations in accounts of the settlement at Aalleiqa, most based on later memories of participants, regarding dates, the order of settlers’ arrival, and other details. The account here is based on the few contemporary documentary sources and winnowing of later oral testimony.

16.
Ha’aretz,
June 30, 1967, 1.

17.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Cable 3985, July 6, 1967.

18.
Davar,
July 9, 1967, 1, based on the original interview with
Le Monde.

19.
FRUS XIX: 331.

20.
Moshe Zak,
Hussein Oseh Shalom
(King Hussein Makes Peace) (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, 1996), 151; Lammfromm, 575.

21.
ISA 153.8/7921/2A, document 331.

22.
ISA 153.8/7921/2A, documents 323, 321, 317.

23.
Original text of the plan: ISA 153.8/7921/2A, document 192. The detailed explanation is dated July 13, the proposed cabinet resolution July 26, and the cover note to Eshkol’s bureau chief, July 27, resulting in conflicting accounts of when it was submitted. Allon on developing the plan: YAOH III:3, XVII:3. YAOH contains numerous accounts of responses to the plan.

24.
“Autonomy” appears in the written proposal; “home rule” in Allon’s description in YAOH VII:22.

25.
YAOH III:9.

26.
YAOH III:9–10; Tsur,
Hakibbutz,
125–26; NARA RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, Pol 28 Jordan, airgram A-113.

27.
Pedatzur, 145–49; Gazit,
Peta’im
, 218.

28.
ISA 153.8/7921/2A, minutes of Va’adah Mdinit, July 27, 1967.

29.
LBJ, NSC country files, Middle East crisis, vol. 7, 189a.

30.
FRUS XIX:399.

31.
Psalms 126:1.

32.
Yitzhak Rabin,
Pinkas Sherut
(Tel Aviv: Sifriat Ma’ariv, 1979), 590; Naor, 30ff.

33.
Shemer, “Jerusalem of Gold.”

34.
On travel rules: see MER III:285. The Israeli press carried plentiful reports of touring occupied territories, e.g.,
Ha’aretz,
June 18, 1967, 9;
Lamerhav,
July 28, 1967, 4;
Ha’aretz,
September 1, 1967, 4;
Hatzofeh,
Sabbath supplement, September 15, 1967, 4.

35.
LBJ country files, Israel, vol. 5, cables, folder 2, airgram A-934. Polling at the time was generally of the Jewish population, excluding the Arab minority.

36.
Tzvi Shiloah, “Hashuv Mah Ya’asu Hayehudim,”
Davar
, July 3, 1967, reprinted in Ben-Ami, 147.

37.
Gouri, “Hashivah Le’Abu Dis.”

38.
Nathan Alterman, “Hagadah Hama’aravit—Eretz Be’illum Shem,”
Davar
, June 23, 1967, reprinted in Ben-Ami, 57ff. “Threefold cord” alludes to Ecclesiastes 4:12.

39.
Gouri, “Hashivah Le’Abu Dis.”

40.
Amnon Barzilai, “Uve’itzumah shel Hamilhamah Tikhnenu Be’aman et Hamedinah Hapalestinit,”
Ha’aretz
, June 5, 2002, B3.

41.
Moshe Shamir, “Min Haplishtiut—El Hahar,”
Ma’ariv,
July 14, 1967, reprinted in Ben-Ami, 24ff.

42.
Naor, 61; Gershon Shafat with Tzviah Granot,
Gush Emunim: Hasipur Me’ahorei Hakla’im
(Gush Emunim: The Story Behind the Scenes) (Sifriat Beit El: 1995), 36.

43.
Quoted in Barzilai, “Uve’itzumah shel Hamilhamah.”

44.
Amos Oz, “Ir Zarah,”
Siah Lohamim: Pirkei Hakshavah Vehitbonenut
, Avraham Shapira, ed. (Tel Aviv: Haverim Tze’irim Mehatnu’ah Hakibbutzit, October 1967). I have used the translation of the essay by Nicholas de Lange in Amos Oz,
Under This Blazing Light: Essays
(Cambridge University Press, 1995), 175–81.

45.
Shapira, ed.,
Siah Lohamim.

46.
Ibid., 5.

47.
Ibid., 118.

48.
Ibid., 191.

49.
Ibid., 134–34, 142.

50.
Paul Berman,
A Tale of Two Utopias: The Political Journey of the Generation of 1968
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 30–56.

51.
“Sihah Biyshivat Harav Kook,”
Shdemot: Bamah Lehinukh Tnu’ati
, no. 29, (Spring 1968), 15–27; Amos Oz,
In the Land of Israel,
trans. Maurice Goldberg-Bartura (London: Chatto & Windus/The Hogworth Press, 1983), 132–33; Amnon Barzilai, “Kakh Nignaz ‘Siah Lohamim’ Shel Merkaz Harav,”
Ha’aretz,
June 16, 2002, 3B.

52.
“Sihah Biyshivat Harav Kook,” 15–16.

53.
Ibid., 19–20.

54.
For a fuller discussion of messianism, see Gershom Gorenberg,
The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount
(New York: The Free Press, 2000).

55.
Avraham Yitzhak Hacohen Kook, 13ff.

56.
Ravitzky, 176.

57.
Tzvi Yehudah Hacohen Kook,
Lintivot Yisrael
(Jerusalem: Menorah, 5727), 188ff.

58.
Filber, 31–33; cf. David Hakohen,
Hitnotzetzut Oro Shel Mashiah,
2nd ed. (Jerusalem: Ariel/Nezer David, 5749), 17.

59.
Ravitzky, 183–84.

60.
Danny Rubinstein,
Mi Lashem Elai: Gush Emunim
(On the Lord’s Side: Gush Emunim) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hame’uhad), 1982; Yisrael Harel, interview; and off-the-record interviews.

61.
Menachem Klein,
Bar-Ilan: Akademiah, Dat Upolitikah
(Bar-Ilan University Between Religion and Politics) (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1998), 141–42.

62.
Zra’im
, Iyar 5727 (May–June 1967), 9–12.

63.
Eliezer Don Yehiya, “The Book and the Sword: The Nationalist Yeshivot and Political Radicalism in Israel,”
Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements
, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The Fundamentalism Project, University of Chicago Press, 1994), 264–70.

64.
Zra’im,
Sivan-Tamuz 5727 (June–August 1967), 3ff.

65.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 2–10; Bar, interview; Gershon Meinrat, interview.

66.
Sat, interview; Yehudah Harel, “Meharamah.”

67.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 2–10; Bar, interview; Meinrat, interview; Sat, interview.

68.
Yehudah Harel, interview.

69.
Kalinov, 26–31.

70.
Pedatzur, 180; ISA 153.8/1/7920/7A, document 288.

71.
MGA, Rafael Ben-Yehudah diary.

4. Settling In

1.
ISA 153.8/7921/3A. Legal opinion numbered as document 289–291, with unnumbered cover notes.

2.
“Faculty Profile—Professor Theodor Meron,”
www.law.nyu.edu/faculty/profiles/bios/meront_bio.html
; Marlise Simons, “Weaving the Threads of Law, War and Shakespeare,”
New York Times,
January 3, 2004.

3.
YLE 5/31.

4.
Full text: “Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949,”
www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/0/6756482d86146898c125641e004aa3c5?OpenDocument
.

5.
Full text: “Commentary Art. 49 Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949,”
www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/b466ed681ddfcfd241256739003e6368/523ba38706c71588c12563cd0042c407?OpenDocument
.

6.
Article 46 of “Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV),” October 18, 1907. Full text at
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/hague04.htm
.

7.
Parentheses in the original.

8.
Cf. Moshe Negbi,
Kevalim Shel Tzedek: Bagatz Mul Hamemshal Hayisre’eli Bashtahim
(Justice Under Occupation: The Israeli Supreme Court versus the Military Administration in the Occupied Territories) (Jerusalem: Cana, 1981), 22–24.

9.
ISA 153.8/7921/3A, cover note to document 289–291, and document 227.

10.
Ben-Yaakov, 338–39.

11.
Hann Porat,
Et Ahai Anokhi Mevakesh
(Beit El: Sifriat Beit El, 5752), 12–14.

12.
Shehadeh, 57–66.

13.
Yossi Melman,
The Master Terrorist: The True Story of Abu-Nidal
(New York: Adama Books, 1986), 62–64; Gershom Gorenberg, “The Detonator,”
The New York Times Magazine,
Dec. 29, 2003, 48–49.

14.
Moshe Moskovic, interview; Hanan Porat, interview; Moshe Levinger, interview.

15.
GEA 23IVf; Ben-Yaakov, 343–44; Avraham Shvut, ed.,
Ha’aliyah El Hahar: Hahityashvut Hayehudit Hamithadeshet Biyhudah Veshomron
(Ascent to the Mountains: Renewal of Jewish Settlement in Judea and Samaria) (Jerusalem: Sifriat Beit El, 2002), 31–33; Porat, interview.

16.
Porat, interview; cf. Pedatzur, 190.

17.
YAOH VI:16, VII:1.

18.
Porat, 9–11.

19.
Shvut, 33; Haggai Segal,
Dear Brothers: The West Bank Jewish Underground
(Woodmere, NY: Beit-Shammai, 1988), 9–10; Porat, interview; Moshe Levinger, interview; Yisrael Harel, interview.

20.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A. Moskovic was a signator of the Movement for the Whole Land of Israel’s founding statement,
Davar,
Sept. 22, 1967.

21.
Pedatzur, 33, 190.

22.
ISA 153.8/7921/2A.