The Anatomy of Violence (66 page)

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Authors: Adrian Raine

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3. MURDEROUS MINDS

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The specific subregions of the occipital cortex found to be overactivated in murderers were visual areas 17 and 18.

  11.
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  17.
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It is not just that homicidal acts can have a mixture of proactive and reactive aggression. An offender’s criminal lifestyle can at times be at odds with their killing. Ron and Reggie Kray, for example, were organized gangsters who ruled the underworld in east London in the 1960s and 1970s, and participated in planned armed robberies and protection rackets. So while Reggie’s killing of Jack “the Hat” McVitie was reactive aggression in nature, his criminal lifestyle was predominantly proactive.

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  26.
Despite the lack of functional imaging research on murderers, there is a small literature on structural imaging. See, for example, Yang, Y. L., Raine, A., Han, C. B., Schug, R. A., Toga, A. W., et al. (2010). Reduced hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in murderers with schizophrenia.
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  32.
Soderstrom, H., Tullberg, M., Wikkelso, C., Ekholm, S. & Forsman, A. (2000): Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in non-psychotic violent offenders.
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  33.
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Amen, D. G., Hanks, C., Prunella, J. R. & Green, A. (2007). An analysis of regional cerebral blood flow in impulsive murderers using single photon emission computed tomography.
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  36.
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  37.
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George, D. T., Phillips, M. J., Doty, L., Umhau, J. C. & Rawlings, R. R. (2006): A model linking biology, behavior, and psychiatric diagnoses in perpetrators of domestic violence.
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  53.
Ibid.

  54.
Babcock, J. C., Green, C. E., Webb, S. A. & Graham, K. H. (2004). A second failure to replicate the Gottman et al. (1995) typology of men who abuse intimate partners … and possible reasons why.
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  55.
We are not the only group to be thinking along these lines. Others have hypothesized that spouse-abusers are hypersensitive to emotional stimuli that could be interpreted as threatening, such as slights and signs of disapproval, resulting in increased negative emotionality and reacting out of proportion to the social context. See George, D. T., Rawlings, R. R., Williams, W. A., Phillips, M. J., Fong, G., et al. (2004). A select group of perpetrators of domestic violence: Evidence of decreased metabolism
in the right hypothalamus and reduced relationships between cortical/subcortical brain structures in position emission tomography.
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Babcock, J. C., Green, C. E. & Robieb, C. (2004). Does batterers’ treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment.
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Twain, M. (1882).
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Very sadly, Sean Spence died prematurely, at the age of forty-eight, on Christmas Day, 2010, after suffering a long illness. He was a highly creative and energetic scientist that many of us miss.

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Lee, T.M.C., Liu, H. L., Tan, L. H., Chan, C.C.H., Mahankali, S., et al. (2002). Lie detection by functional magnetic resonance imaging.
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Spence, S. A., Farrow, T.F.D., Herford, A. E., Wilkinson, I. D., Zheng, Y., et al. (2001). Behavioural and functional anatomical correlates of deception in humans.
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