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Ibid.

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Bowlby, J. (1969).
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Forty-three years after his first IQ test, at age eleven, Ted Kaczynski was retested, for a score of 138. The drop from 167 is likely due to mental illness, which developed in early adulthood.

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One reason it is hard for people to believe that low heart rate can predispose an individual to antisocial behavior is the idea that exercise reduces resting heart rate and we view people who exercise in a favorable light. Although this is technically true, surprisingly the effect is much smaller than people imagine. Even twenty weeks of endurance training lowers resting heart rate only by two beats per minute. The type of moderate exercise some of us regularly engage in has even smaller effects. See Wilmore, J. H., Stanforth, P. R., Gagnon, J., et al. (1996). Endurance exercise training has a minimal effect on resting heart rate: The HERITAGE study.
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The overall “effect size” was -0.44. Effect sizes tell us the strength of the relationship. To put this into context, .2 is a small relationship, .5 is medium, and .8 is large.

  11.
For more examples of effect sizes in medicine and psychology, see Meyer, G. J. et al. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues.
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The correlation between smoking and lung cancer is .08, between alcohol use during pregnancy and premature birth is .09, and between taking aspirin to reduce the risk of death by a heart attack is .02. The effect of taking antihypertensive medication in reducing the risk of stroke is a
correlation of .03. In comparison, the correlation between heart rate and antisocial behavior is .22.

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Raine, A., Venables, P. H. & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Low resting heart rate at age 3 years predisposes to aggression at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project.
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Ibid. The effect size here is quite strong, at d = 0.36, p < .0001.

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  20.
The reason parental crime may be such a well-replicated risk factor for offspring crime is that it combines significant genetic and environmental risks. Criminal parents pass on the genetic risk for crime to their offspring, and they also give their children poor parenting, an unstable lifestyle, and abuse, important social risk factors for crime.

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  46.
Ibid.

  47.
Ibid.

  48.
Ibid.

  49.
Ibid.

  50.
Ibid.

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Kenrick, D. T. & Sheets, V. (1993). Homicidal Fantasies.
Ethology and Sociobiology
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Crabb, P. B. (2000). The material culture of homicidal fantasies.
Aggressive Behavior
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  53.
Ibid.

  54.
Galvanic skin response (GSR) is an older term for skin conductance (SC), while electrodermal activity (EDA) is a more generic term encompassing both skin conductance and skin potential.

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Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M. & Filion, D. L. (2007). The electrodermal system. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. G. Berntson (eds.),
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For a detailed account of a conditioning theory of crime, see Eysenck, H. J. (1977).
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Hare, R. D., Frazelle, J. & Cox, D. N. (1978). Psychopathy and physiological responses to threat of an aversive stimulus.
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Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dawson, M. E. & Mednick, S. A. (2010). Association of poor childhood fear conditioning and adult crime.
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Ibid.

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Hare, R. D. (1993).
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Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L. & Colletti, P. (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder.
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  66.
Meeting diagnostic criteria for DSM antisocial personality disorder requires that the individual also meet criteria for conduct disorder in childhood or adolescence.