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Authors: Carl Woodring,James Shapiro

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BOOK: The Columbia History of British Poetry
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Page 510
urges the United States to send "forth the best ye breed" and to assume the burden of governing a race unable to govern itself:
Take up the White Man's burden
    The savage wars of peace
Fill full the mouth of Famine
    And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
    The end for others sought,
Watch Sloth and heathen Folly
    Bring all your hope to nought.
Providing humanitarian aid and enlightenment to the "heathens" despite their possible ingratitude ("The hate of those ye guard") is the true test of the dominant nation's ''manhood / Through all the thankless years."
In addition to Kipling, William Ernest Henley, editor of the
Scots Observer: An Imperial Review
, provided a strong voice as journalist and poet in support of British adventures abroad. With his Tory imperialism evoking visions of greatness, Henley sang the glories of muscular achievement and of the indomitable will in his "Invictus," which celebrates the "unconquerable soul." Despite his "bloody but unbowed" head, the speaker declares: "I am the master of my fate: / I am the captain of my soul." Henley's
Song of the Sword
(1892), whose title poem is dedicated to Kipling, invests the sword with symbolic significance in a fusion of religious activism and social Darwinism:
Sifting the nations,
The slag from the metal,
The waste and the weak
From the fit and the strong
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
I am the Will of God:
I am the Sword.
"Pro Rege Nostro," another of Henley's stirring imperialist-oriented poems, affirms England's divine destiny:
With your glorious eyes austere,
As the Lord were walking near,
Whispering terrible things and dear
   As the Song on your bugles blown, England
   Round the world on your bugles blown!
 
Page 511
Even the "watchful sun" cannot match the "master-work you've done, / England, my own." With full trust in England's moral probity the speaker affirms his willingness to sacrifice himself for the greater glory of England: '''Take and break us: we are yours, / England, my own!'" Kipling and Henley were by no means the only poets writing such patriotic verse: they were merely the best known. At the time, a critic observed "a tendency among contemporary verse-writers to return to martial and inspiriting themes, and especially the glories of England."
Less concerned with the fortunes of the Empire, Robert Bridges pursued his quest for beauty, convinced that poetry was "non-moral" that is, "only in so far as we take morals to mean the conventional code of conduct recognised by society." He was convinced, like most Victorian poets, that "pure ethics is man's moral beauty and can no more be dissociated from Art than any other kind of beauty, and, being man's highest beauty, it has the very first claim to recognition." Bridges consequently had no sympathy with the fin-de-siècle Aesthetes and Decadents, who advocated the exclusion from art of political, religious, and philosophical discourse (although he often excluded such elements in his own verse). He maintained a lifelong conviction that the aim of art was to create beautywhich involved the "satisfaction of form, the magic of speech, lying as it seemed to me in the masterly control of the material" beauty being "the highest of all those occult influences / . . . that thru' the sense / wakeneth spiritual emotion in the mind of man."
One of Bridges's best-known poems, "London Snow," combines the Victorian fascination with the city with the Romantic vision of naturethe varying rhythms of its lines move as though in synchrony with the falling snow. For a number of years Bridges had experimented with varied stresses within lines, which he called "stress prosody" (his friend Gerard Manley Hopkins called this metrical device "sprung rhythm," which contains an irregular distribution of stresses per line). Bridges's "London Snow" provides an example of what he regarded as a significant revolution in English metrics, whereas the poem itself presents familiar subject matter and imagery with the precision of objective detail:
When men were all asleep the snow came flying,
In large white flakes falling on the city brown,
Stealthily and perpetually setting and loosely lying,
    Hushing the latest traffic of the drowsy town;
Deadening, muffling, stifling its murmurs failing. . . .
 
Page 512
The schoolboys, "peering up from under the white-mossed wonder," exclaim: "'O look at the trees!'. . . 'O look at the trees!'"nature's spectral presence in the midst of the snow-covered city.
Bridges's "Nightingales"its subject recalling Keats's singing birdis another example of "stress prosody." The speaker asks where the ''starry woods" are in which these birds learn their song: "O might I wander there, / Among the flowers, which in that heavenly air / Bloom the year long!" The nightingales, however, do not come from beautiful mountains and fruitful valleys but pour their "dark nocturnal secret" of desire into the "raptured ear of men" amid barren mountains and spent streamsthe intimate relationship between man and nature affirming Romantic/Victorian continuities.
Like Bridges (and indeed most artists), Oscar Wilde was also preoccupied with beauty, but he preferred it divorced from overt moralizing. Although he welcomed fame as the leading fin-de-siècle Aesthete, his early poetrydating from the 1870swas filled with political and religious preoccupations commonplace in Victorian verse. Progressively, however, he attempted (although without complete success) to purge such discourse from his work in order to stress art's autonomy. Written after his release from prison, however, Wilde's
Ballad of Reading Gaol
expresses a renewed reformist zeal, although he insisted that the poem contained more than mere social protest.
Employing a modified form of the traditional ballad, Wilde portrays the inhuman conditions of Reading Prison and the indifference of those charged with the prisoners' care ("The Doctor said that Death was but / a scientific fact: / And twice a day the Chaplain called, / And left a little tract"). Although Wilde focuses on the reactions of the inmates to the hanging of a murderer, the personal allusions in the poem are obvious"For each man kills the thing he loves" alludes not only to the guardsman's slaying of his wife but also to Wilde's reckless destruction of his own life and career. Indeed, at one point, he identifies himself as the narrator by punning on his own name and alluding to his double life: that of the acclaimed married writer violating the law against homosexuality:
And the wild regrets, and the bloody sweats,
    None knew so well as I:
For he who lives more lives than one
    More deaths than one must die.
BOOK: The Columbia History of British Poetry
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