The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1414 page)
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Authors: John Bowker
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Magdalen
(follower of Jesus):
(follower of Jesus):
Magen David
(Heb., ‘Shield of
David
’). Six-pointed star which has become the symbol of Judaism. It was employed by the Nazis as a badge of shame and was the symbol chosen for the
Israeli
flag. A red magen David is used as an equivalent of the Red Cross.
David
’). Six-pointed star which has become the symbol of Judaism. It was employed by the Nazis as a badge of shame and was the symbol chosen for the
Israeli
flag. A red magen David is used as an equivalent of the Red Cross.
Maggid
(Heb., ‘one who relates’). Jewish popular preacher; or, a spirit which conveys supernatural teachings to Jewish scholars. In the
kabbalistic
tradition, the term maggid was also used to describe a spirit who passes supernatural secrets to worthy students of the kabbalah.
kabbalistic
tradition, the term maggid was also used to describe a spirit who passes supernatural secrets to worthy students of the kabbalah.
Maggid of Dubno
(founder of Jewish sect):
(founder of Jewish sect):
Maghreb
(i.e. Arab.,
al-maghrib al-‘arabi
, the Arab West). The region comprising Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauretania, and Morocco.
al-maghrib al-‘arabi
, the Arab West). The region comprising Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauretania, and Morocco.
Magi
.
.
Originally a Median tribe (according to Herodotus, the Magoi were one of six Median tribes) responsible for all ritual activity regardless of religious boundaries, e.g. to which god a sacrifice was offered. As
Zoroastrianism
spread across the Iranian plateau so it became part of their responsibility. In this way, it is thought,
Zoroaster's
teachings were integrated into the general traditions of the region. It was the magi who thereafter carried Zoroastrianism through the Empire. During the Achaemenid era, Babylon was a major administrative centre, and it is likely that it was there that the magi became involved in the beliefs and practices subsequently named after them,
magic
, and also astrology. It was this reputation which motivated the writer of Matthew's Gospel (see below) to relate a story about magi (the word used in the Gk. is
magoi
, and so the later Christian legend of kings does not do justice to the text). Zoroaster himself used two different terms to refer to a priest:
zaotar
, an officiating priest, and a
manthran
, who composes sacred
manthras
. As Zoroastrianism developed, the magi became ever more important in the work of the Zoroastrian ‘church’. Naturally words change with time,
magus
(singular) became
mobed
, under a supreme head, the
Mobedan Mobed
. In post-Sasanian Iran, the high priest took the title
hudnan pesobay
, leader of the faithful, a title recalling Muslim titles. In modern times a high priest,
dastur
, is generally associated with a ‘cathedral’ fire temple (Atash Bahram,
Atas
) whose liturgical life he oversees with a team of priests,
mobeds
, under him. There are two initiatory rites for priests,
navar
and
maratab
. A priest who has undertaken the first of these, and is therefore qualified to perform some of the minor rites, is known as an
ervad
. The
mobeds
and the
ervads
have essentially liturgical roles, with little sense of any teaching or pastoral duties. Purity is necessary so that the duly empowered priest can, in devotion, through concentration on the ritual, generate ritual power (
amal
) so that the heavenly forces are present. Because of the centrality of the concept of purity, one term for priest is
yozdathrager
, ‘Purifier’.
The Christian appropriation of the Magi reveals little knowledge of the above. According to Matthew 2. 1–12, they were guided by a star to Bethlehem, bearing gifts for the new-born Jesus. Acts 13. 6 ff. uses the word to mean magic-workers, and
Ignatius
of Antioch understood the word in that sense, arguing that magic yielded up its power when Jesus was born.
Origen
inferred that they were three in number from the gifts, and
Tertullian
suggested that they were kings. By the 6th cent., they were named Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar. What were claimed to be their
relics
were taken to Europe and are now in Cologne Cathedral.
Zoroastrianism
spread across the Iranian plateau so it became part of their responsibility. In this way, it is thought,
Zoroaster's
teachings were integrated into the general traditions of the region. It was the magi who thereafter carried Zoroastrianism through the Empire. During the Achaemenid era, Babylon was a major administrative centre, and it is likely that it was there that the magi became involved in the beliefs and practices subsequently named after them,
magic
, and also astrology. It was this reputation which motivated the writer of Matthew's Gospel (see below) to relate a story about magi (the word used in the Gk. is
magoi
, and so the later Christian legend of kings does not do justice to the text). Zoroaster himself used two different terms to refer to a priest:
zaotar
, an officiating priest, and a
manthran
, who composes sacred
manthras
. As Zoroastrianism developed, the magi became ever more important in the work of the Zoroastrian ‘church’. Naturally words change with time,
magus
(singular) became
mobed
, under a supreme head, the
Mobedan Mobed
. In post-Sasanian Iran, the high priest took the title
hudnan pesobay
, leader of the faithful, a title recalling Muslim titles. In modern times a high priest,
dastur
, is generally associated with a ‘cathedral’ fire temple (Atash Bahram,
Atas
) whose liturgical life he oversees with a team of priests,
mobeds
, under him. There are two initiatory rites for priests,
navar
and
maratab
. A priest who has undertaken the first of these, and is therefore qualified to perform some of the minor rites, is known as an
ervad
. The
mobeds
and the
ervads
have essentially liturgical roles, with little sense of any teaching or pastoral duties. Purity is necessary so that the duly empowered priest can, in devotion, through concentration on the ritual, generate ritual power (
amal
) so that the heavenly forces are present. Because of the centrality of the concept of purity, one term for priest is
yozdathrager
, ‘Purifier’.
The Christian appropriation of the Magi reveals little knowledge of the above. According to Matthew 2. 1–12, they were guided by a star to Bethlehem, bearing gifts for the new-born Jesus. Acts 13. 6 ff. uses the word to mean magic-workers, and
Ignatius
of Antioch understood the word in that sense, arguing that magic yielded up its power when Jesus was born.
Origen
inferred that they were three in number from the gifts, and
Tertullian
suggested that they were kings. By the 6th cent., they were named Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthasar. What were claimed to be their
relics
were taken to Europe and are now in Cologne Cathedral.
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