The Domesticated Brain (39 page)

42
. Jamil Zaki, Jessica Schirmer and Jason P. Mitchell (2011), ‘Social influence modulates the neural computation of value’,
Psychological Science,
22, 894–900.

43
. J. Cloutier, T. F. Heatherton, P. J. Whalen and W. M. Kelley (2008), ‘Are attractive people rewarding? Sex differences in the neural substrates of facial attractiveness’,
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 20, 941–51.

44
. R.B. Cialdini (2005), ‘Don’t throw away the towel: Use social influence research’,
American Psychological Society
, 18, 33–4.

45
. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein (2009, updated edition),
Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness
, New York: Penguin.

46
. Leon Festinger (1957),
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

47
. Vincent van Veen, Marie K. Krug, Jonathan W. Schooler and Cameron S. Carter (2009), ‘Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance’,
Nature Neuroscience
, 12, 1469–75.

48
. Ellen J. Langer (1978), ‘Rethinking the Role of Thought in Social Interaction’ in John H. Harvey, William J. Ickes and Robert F. Kidd (eds),
New Directions in Attribution Research
, vol. 2, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 35–58.

49
. Quoted in Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson (2007),
Mistakes Were Made (but not by me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions and Hurtful Acts
, Harcourt Inc.

50
. A. G. Greenwald and M. R. Banaji (1995), ‘Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes’,
Psychological Review
, 102, 4–27.

51
. Andreas Olsson, Jeffrey P. Ebert, Mahzarin R. Banaji and Elizabeth A. Phelps (2005), ‘The role of social groups in the persistence of learned fear’,
Science
, 309, 785–7.

52
. Carlos David Navarrete, Andreas Olsson, Arnold K. Ho, Wendy Berry Mendes, Lotte Thomsen and James Sidanius (2009), ‘Fear extinction to an out-group face: The role of target gender’,
Psychological Science
, 20, 155–8.

53
. L.F. Pendry (2008), ‘Social cognition’ in M. R. Hewstone, W. Stroebe and K. Jonas (eds),
Introduction to Social Psychology
(fourth edition), Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 67–87.

54
. Daniel Kahneman (2011),
Thinking Fast, Thinking Slow
, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

55
. J. Correll, B. Park, C. M. Judd and B. Wittenbrink (2002), ‘The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals’,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 83, 1314–29.

56
. M. Snyder. and W. B. Swann, Jr. (1978), ‘Hypothesis testing processes in social interaction’,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
36, 1202–12.

57
. D. F. Halpern (2004), ‘A cognitive-process taxonomy for sex differences in cognitive abilities’,
Current Directions in Psychological Science
, 13, 135–9.

58
. ‘It’s official: women are actually better parkers than men’:
http://www.ncp.co.uk/documents/pressrelease/ncp-parking-survey.pdf

59
. S. J. Spencer, C. M. Steele and D. M. Quinn (1999), ‘Stereotype threat and women’s math performance’,
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35
, 4–28.

60
. C. M. Steele and J. Aronson (1995), ‘Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans’,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 69, 797–811.

61
. B. M. Hood, N. L. Gjersoe, K. Donnelly, A. Byers and S. Itajkura (2011), ‘Moral contagion attitudes towards potential organ transplants in British and Japanese adults’,
Journal of Culture and Cognition
, 11, 269–86.

62
. C. Dyer (1999), ‘English teenager given heart transplant against her will’,
British Medical Journal
, 319(7204): 209.

63
. M. A. Sanner (2005), ‘Living with a stranger’s organ: Views of the public and transplant recipients’,
Annals of Transplantation
, 10, 9–12.

64
. D. L. Medin and A. Ortony (1989), ‘Psychological Essentialism’ in S. Vosniadou and A. Ortony (eds),
Similarity and Analogical Reasoning
, Cambridge University Press.

65
. Susan A. Gelman (2003),
The Essential Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought,
Oxford University Press.

66
. Susan A. Gelman and Henry M. Wellman (1991), ‘Insides and essences: early understandings of the non-obvious’,
Cognition
, 38, 213–44.

67
. Susan A. Gelman and Ellen M. Markman (1986), ‘Categories and induction in young children’,
Cognition
, 23, 183–209.

68
. Meredith Meyer, Susan A. Gelman and Sarah-Jane Leslie (submitted), ‘My heart made me do it: Children’s essentialist beliefs about heart transplants’.

69
. N. Haslam, B. Bastian, P. Bain and Y. Kashima (2006), ‘Psychological essentialism, implicit theories, and intergroup relations’,
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
, 9, 63–76.

70
. Gil Diesendruck (2013), ‘Essentialism: The development of a simple, but potentially dangerous, idea’ in M. R. Banaji and S. A. Gelman (eds),
Navigating the Social World. What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us
, New York: Oxford University Press.

71
. N. I. Eisenberger, M. D. Lieberman and K. D. Williams (2003), ‘Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion’,
Science
, 302, 290–92.

72
. Nicole Legate, Cody R. DeHaan, Netta Weinstein and Richard M. Ryan (2013), ‘Hurting you hurts me too: The psychological costs of complying with ostracism’,
Psychological Science
, 24, 583–8.

73
. K. D. Williams and S. A. Nida, (2011), ‘Ostracism: consequences and coping’,
Current Directions in Psychology
, 20, 71–5.

74
. Lowell Gaertner, Jonathan Iuzzini and Erin M. O’Mara (2008), ‘When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple-victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness’,
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
, 44, 958–70.

75
. W. A. Warburton, K. D. Williams and D. R. Cairns (2006), ‘When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation’,
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
, 42, 213–20.

76
. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Youth suicide’.
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/youth_suicide.html
Accessed 22 October 2013.

77
. A. Brunstein Klomek, F. Marrocco, M. Kleinman, I.S. Schonfeld and M.S. Gould (2007), ‘Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents’,
Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry
, 46, 40–49.
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pub/youth_suicide.html

78
. Marcel F. van der Wal, Cees A. M. de Wit, Remy A. Hirasing (2003), Psychosocial health among young victims and offenders of direct and indirect bullying,
. Pediatrics,
111, 1312–17.

79
. Julie A. Paquette and Marion K. Underwood (1999), ‘Gender differences in young adolescents’ experiences of peer victimization: social and physical aggression’,
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
: Vol. 45: Issue 2, Article 5.

80
. M. Boulton (1997), ‘Teachers’ views on bullying: Definitions, attitudes and ability to cope’,
British Journal of Educational Psychology
, 67, 223–33.

81
. K. D. Williams (2009), ‘Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model’, in M. Zanna (ed.),
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
, New York, Academic Press, 279–314.

EPILOGUE

1
. Richard E. Nisbett (2003),
The Geography of Thought
, Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

2
. Jared Diamond (1999),
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societie
s, W. W. Norton & Co.

3
. eMarketer Report (2013), Worldwide social network users: 2013 forecast and comparative estimates,
http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Social-Networking-Reaches-Nearly-One-Four-Around-World/1009976
Accessed October 2013.

4
. Adam Thierer (2013), ‘Technopanics, threat inflation, and the danger of an information technology precautionary principle’,
Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology
, 14, 309–86.

5
. Susan Greenfield (2009),
ID: The Quest for Identity in the 21st Century: The Quest for Meaning in the 21st Century
, Sceptre.

6
. Phil Zimbardo (2012),
The Demise of Guys: Why Boys Are Struggling and What We Can Do About
It, TED publishing.

7
. Independent Parliamentary Inquiry into Online Child Protection, April 2012.

8
.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/05/korean-girl-starved-online-game

9
. Diana I. Tamir and Jason P. Mitchell (2012), ‘Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
, 109, 8038–804.

10
. M. Naaman, J. Boase and C. H. Lai (2010), ‘Is it really about me?: Message content in social awareness streams’, Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (Association for Computing Machinery), Savannah, GA, pp. 189–92.

11
. Leif Denti
et al.
(2012), ‘Sweden’s Largest Facebook Study: GRI rapport 2012–3’,
https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/28893/1/gupea_2077_28893_1.pdf

12
. Amanda L. Forest & Joanne V. Wood (2012), ‘When social networking is not working: individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook’,
Psychological Science
, 23, 295–302.