Read The Downing Street Years Online
Authors: Margaret Thatcher
Mortimer, Jim, 298
Moss Side riots (1981), 144
Mount, Ferdinand, 278, 283, 288, 292
Mountbatten, Lord, 56, 57
Mozambique, 527
M3, £M3,
see
MONETARY POLICY
Mubarak, Hosni
(President of Egypt 1981-)
, 509, 817
Mugabe, Robert
(Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
1980-):
Patriotic Front, 72–3; Rhodesia/Zimbabwe elections, 77–8; Melbourne CHOGM, 166; US Grenada invasion, 332; South Africa sanctions, 516, 521; MT’s visit (1989), 526–7
Muldoon, Robert
(Prime Minister of New
Zealand 1975–84)
, 166, 191, 290
Mulroney, Brian
(Prime Minister of Canada
1984–93):
MT’s Canadian visit (1983), 320, 321; South Africa debate, 516–17, 521, 522, 523, 531; G7, 738, 764
Murphy, Sir Leslie, 116
Murphy, Richard, 508
Murray, Len, 107, 111
Muscat, 163–4
Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, 633
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 72–3, 75, 77–8
Nagy, Imre, 454
Nakasone, Yasuhiro
(Japanese Prime Minister
1982–87)
, 299–300, 497–9
Nally, Dermot, 395
Namibia, 78, 158, 166, 514; MT’s visit (1989), 528–9
National Armaments Directors (NADs), 427–8, 430
National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS), 363, 365–8, 375–6
National Bus Company, 284, 678
National Coal Board (NCB): coal dispute (1981), 139–42; pit closure plans, 139–41, 342–3, 344, 357, 377, 686; attitudes to industry, 340, 342; MacGregor Chairmanship, 340, 353; NUM strike (1984–5), 344, 347, 349, 351–2, 354, 357, 360, 363–5, 369, 373–6; NACODS dispute, 363, 365–8, 375–6; electricity privatization effects, 685
National Curriculum Council, 594
National Dock Labour Board, 355, 361
National Dock Labour Scheme (NDLS), 355–7, 669
National Economic Development Council (NEDC), 94
National Enterprise Board (NEB), 39, 115–16
National Freight Corporation, 678
National Front, 296
National Graphical Association (NGA), 98, 348
National Grid, 682–3
National Health Service (NHS): management, 47; spending, 49, 128; strike (1982), 275; finances, 277; question of reform, 571, 589; Fowler’s presentation, 581; reform, 606–17; press horror stories, 608; review, 608–9; funding proposals, 610; structure reform proposals, 610–11
National Insurance Contribution, 128
National Insurance Surcharge (NIS), 95, 133, 134, 271, 673
Nationality Bill,
see
British Nationality Bill nationalization, 6, 676
nationalized industries, 127; policy group, 282
National Reporting Centre (NRC), 347
National Rivers Authority, 682
National Union of Boilermakers (NUB), 110
National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 382
National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 102–3
National Union of Mineworkers (NUM): dispute (1981), 140–3, 341; Scargill leadership, 339–44; overtime ban (1983), 342; strike (1984–5), 344–78; sequestration of assets, 360, 368, 374
National Union of Teachers, 595
National Working Miners’ Committee, 365
Nationwide
, 296
NATO: forces, 9; resistance to Soviet threat, 12; defence spending, 125; deployment of cruise and Pershing missiles,
see
cruise; MT’s policies, 237; military balance, 237–8; intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), 239–43, 269–70, 322, 324, 771; Bonn summit (1982), 258–9; arms control policy, 269; strategy discussions, 472–3; Bruges speech, 745; Short-Range Nuclear Forces (SNF), 771, 775, 782, 784–9, 811; Brussels summit (1988), 774–5, 795; alternatives, 799; Eastern European
NATO–
cont.
membership question, 809; Anglo-American differences, 810–12
Nawala
Case, 103
Neale, Gerry, 840, 841
Neave, Airey
(Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary 1975–79)
, 22, 56, 385–6, 414
Nelson, Lord, 24, 731
Nemeth, Miklos, 809
Netherlands: cruise missiles, 241, 242–4; MT’s visit (1983), 318–19; South African debate, 519; farming subsidies, 544; European objectives, 556
Neubert, Michael, 840, 841
Newcastle, MT’s visit (1987), 583
New Ireland Forum, 396, 400
Newton, Tony, 603, 609, 630, 756, 855
New York Times
, 197, 462
Next Steps programme, 49
NH90 helicopter, 429
Niehans, Professor Jurg, 133–4
Nigeria: oil nationalization, 74; MT’s visit (1988), 525–6; MT’s visit (1989), 526
Nimrod Airborne Early Warning System, 424
1922 Committee, 33–4, 54, 130, 370, 435, 563, 848
Nissan, 300, 496–7
Nitze, Paul, 270
Nkomo, Joshua, 72–3, 77
NORAID, 166, 415
Northern Ireland: terrorism, 56–9, 383–4; NORAID, 166, 415; political situation, 385–7; devolution attempts, 387–8; all-party conference (1980), 387; hunger strikes, 388–93; Assembly elections (1982), 394; Anglo- Irish talks, 393–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–6, 409–10, 413, 415; Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406; extradition problems, 407; Milltown funeral, 407–8; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; broadcasting ban (1988), 412; Deal bomb (1989), 414; Gow murder (1990), 414–15
North Sea oil, 44, 63, 67n, 128, 678, 692
Nott, John
(Trade Secretary 1979–81, Defence Secretary 1981–83):
Trade, 26–7, 39; trade union reform, 104; BL, 117; Defence, 131; public spending cuts, 149; Falklands crisis, 179, 185; resignation offer, 186; War Cabinet, 188, 214; MEZ announcement, 190; Haig discussions, 192, 196; Falklands, 193, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 225, 227, 234; Defence Review, 249–51; ‘dual key’ question, 268; leaves Parliament, 424; attitude to ERM, 691–2
No Turning Back Group, 841
Novak, Michael, 627
nuclear energy, 140, 341, 640, 683–5
nuclear weapons: SALT II, 65, 245; cruise and Pershing missiles,
see
cruise; Soviet TNF proposals, 159; MT’s UN speech, 236–7; Soviet defences, 238; intermediate-range (INF), 239–44, 269–70, 321, 322, 324, 470–1, 771–2; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCM), 240, 241, 242–3; unilateralism, 243, 265, 267–8, 290; Trident, 244–8, 267, 471; SDI, 247, 450, 462, 463–8, 470–1, 776, 782, 818; ‘dual key’ question, 268, 332; ‘nuclear winter’, 462; anti-satellite (ASAT) capability, 462; Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM), 464–5; Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD), 464–5, 467; MAD, 465; Reykjavik summit, 465, 470–2, 473, 482; ‘Air Breathing Systems’, 472; Labour Party policy, 568; Aldermaston, 716; INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784; SS20 missiles, 771; Short-Range Nuclear Forces (SNF), 771–2, 775, 782, 784–9, 811; Follow-On to Lance (FOTL) missiles, 772, 785, 787–8, 810; Tactical Air to Surface Missile (TASM), 772, 810; MT’s attitude, 773; START Agreement, 773, 774–5; Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles (SLCMs), 776
Nujoma, Sam, 529
Nyerere, Julius
(President of Tanzania 1964–85)
, 76, 77, 169–70
Obasanjo, General Olusegun, 519
O’Brien, Sir Richard, 31
Observer
, 277
OD(SA) (Cabinet Committee), 188–9
Office of Telecommunications (OFTEL), 681
Official Unionist Party (OUP) now Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 387, 394
O’Fiaich, Cardinal, 392
Ogilvy, Angus, 331
Ohira, Masayoshi
(Japanese Prime Minister
1978–80)
, 68, 70, 71
oil: prices, 42, 54, 67, 123, 424; North Sea, 44, 63, 67n, 128, 678, 692; EC imports, 64; Nigerian nationalization, 74; Gulf crisis, 819–20, 823
Olympic Games, Moscow, 88
‘One Nation’, 8
Onslow, Sir Cranley
(Chairman, 1922 Committee 1984–92)
, 448, 836, 840, 846, 847–9
Operation Hunger, 530
opinion polls: SDP-Liberal support (1981), 153; Falklands factor, 265; election
campaign (1983), 291, 292, 297, 302, 303; Labour lead (1985), 416; Labour lead (1986), 560; ‘caring issues’, 562; Conservative rise, 567; fake, 574; election campaign (1987), 584, 585–6, 587; attitude to Soviet Union, 785; (1990), 832, 836
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 73
Organization of American States (OAS), 210, 229
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), 328, 330, 332
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 67
Orgreave Coke Works picketing, 352–3, 375
Orlov, Yuri, 476
Orme, Stan, 362
Ostia
cargo, 361–2
O’Sullivan, John, 572, 579
Outer Space Treaty (1967), 467
overfunding, 695, 696
Owen, David
(Leader SDP 1983–90)
, 332, 573–4, 578
Ozal, Turgut
(Turkish Prime Minister 1983–89, President 1989–93)
, 819, 823, 843
Paisley, Ian
(Leader Democratic Unionist Party
1
972-)
, 387, 394, 403, 404
Paisley Grammar School, 620
Pakistan, MT’s visit (1981), 167–8
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 90, 508–9, 511
Palmerston, Lord, 461, 643
Panorama
, 83, 111, 209, 291, 351
Papandreou, Andreas
(Greek Prime Minister 1981–89)
, 336–7, 545, 746–7
parents, single, 628–9
Parents’ Charter (1980), 591
Paris, Charter of, 800
Parkinson, Ann, 311
Parkinson, Cecil
(Conservative Party Chairman 1981–83, Trade and Industry Secretary 1983, Energy Secretary 1987–89, Transport Secretary 1989–90):
junior minister, 29; Cabinet reshuffle (1981), 151; Party Chairman, 152, 287; War Cabinet, 188, 214; election manifesto (1983), 281, 283; election campaign (1983), 285, 288–9, 296, 302; Sara Keays affair, 310–11; DTI, 310, 311; resignation, 311; abilities, 418; question of return, 419; Energy, 589; electricity privatization, 683–5; coal industry, 686; BR privatization plans, 686; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Transport, 765; leadership election (1990), 851
Parliamentary pay, 315
Parsons, Sir Anthony
(UK Permanent Representative to UN 1979–82 and Special Adviser to the Prime Minister 1982–83):
Afghanistan invasion, 88; Falklands diplomacy, 182, 193, 202–3, 211, 218, 219–22;
Belgrano
sinking, 216; Security Council Resolution 505, 225; Security Council veto, 231–2
Patten, Chris
(Environment Secretary 1989–90):
Environment, 602, 756, 758; homelessness problem, 603; housing policy, 604, 605–6; community charge, 656–8, 664, 666; European elections (1989), 749; suitability as successor to MT, 755; leadership election (1990), 853
pay: bargaining, 32–3, 97; settlements (1979), 111; TSRB, 417;
see also
incomes policy
Peacock Committee, 636
Pearce, Sir Austin, 434
Peel, Sir Robert, 281
pensions, retirement, 49, 127, 315, 675
Peres, Shimon
(Israeli Prime Minister 1977, 1984–86)
, 510–12
perestroika
, 475
Perez de Cuellar, Javier
(UN
Secretary-General 1982–91)
, 210, 218, 220, 223–4, 229, 231
Perle, Richard, 449
Pershing missiles,
see under
cruise
Personal Equity Plans (PEPs), 673
Peter the Great, Tsar, 477
picketing, 99–100, 107–8, 345–6, 348, 351–3
Pienaar, Louis Alexander, 528
Plaza Agreement (1985), 694, 783
Pöhl, Karl Otto
(President of the Bundesbank
1980–91)
, 708, 740–1
Poland: crisis (1981) 251–6; MT’s visit (1988), 777–82; elections (1989), 789; border with Germany, 797, 799
Polaris, 244, 517
police: pay, 32; dealing with picketing, 100, 345–6; riots, 144–5, 147; equipment, 145; miners’ strike (1984–5), 345–6, 347–9, 352–3; increased numbers, 626; Trafalgar Square riot (1990), 661
Police Act (1964), 347
Police and Criminal Evidence Bill, 290
Policy Unit,
see under
Downing Street
polls,
see
opinion polls
poll tax,
see
community charge
pollution: issue, 563; atmospheric, 639
Pol Pot, 506
Ponsonby, Amanda, 715
Popieluszko, Father Jerzy, 780
Popov, Gavriil, 804–5
Portillo, Michael, 855, 856
Port Talbot Steel Works, 351
Portugal, EC membership, 545–6
Post Office, 680
poverty, 627, 646
Poverty Trap Policy Group, 282
Powell, Sir Charles
(Private Secretary to the Prime Minister 1984–91)
: Gorbachev visit, 461; nuclear strategy discussions, 473; Kohl conversations, 557, 748; Deidesheim visit, 747–8; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 820; leadership election, 843–4; MT’s resignation, 856
Powell, General Colin, 827
Powell, Enoch, 184, 386, 437
Prem Chand, General, 528, 529
prescription charges, 50
Press Association, 103
Prevention of Terrorism Act, 415
Price, Charles
(US Ambassador to UK
1983–89)
, 380
Price Commission, 33, 39
Primakov, Yevgeny, 826–7
Prime Minister’s Question Time, 41, 560, 704, 716, 833, 858
Prior, James
(Employment Secretary 1979–81, Northern Ireland Secretary 1981–84):
Employment, 28, 40; trade union relations, 28, 40; public spending cuts, 54; pay talks suggestion, 94; trade union reform plans, 98–100, 104–5,
107–8
, 150, 273; steel strike, 111; criticisms, 111, 130; coal dispute, 142; Northern Ireland Secretary, 151, 394, 396; Anglo-Irish proposals, 394; resignation, 399; GEC chairman, 431
prisons, increase in places, 626
Private Eye
, 22
Private Office,
see under
Downing Street
privatization, 676–80; Conservative policy, 7, 672; receipts, 49; programme, 305–6, 563, 672; utilities, 680–5; future plans, 685–7
Privy Council, 29n
productivity, 92–3, 272, 668
Property Services Agency, 55
Prout, Sir Christopher, 749
Public Expenditure White Paper (1980–1), 52
public sector: uncontrolled, 6, 32; workforce size, 45–6; insatiable, 124