The Downing Street Years (156 page)

Helms, Jesse, 160

Helsinki Final Act (1975), 478, 794, 795

Henderson, Sir Nicholas
(Ambassador to Washington 1979-82)
, 182, 188, 191, 204, 211, 221–2

Her Majesty’s Inspectorate (HMI), 593–4, 597

Hermes
, HMS, 179, 185, 202, 228

Heseltine, Michael
(Environment Secretary
1
979–83, Defence Secretary 1983–86):
Merseyside work, 144, 424; ‘dual key’ option, 268; Family Policy Group, 279; election campaign (1983), 296–7; Lebanon MNF, 326, 327; Grenada, 330, 331; Environment, 420, 424; Westland affair, 423–37; MT’s relationship with, 423–4, 829–30; Defence, 424; Gorbachev visit, 460; US visit (1985), 469; local government finance review, 643–4; community charge, 666–7; council tax, 667; suitability as successor to MT, 755; leadership challenge, 829, 834, 835–8, 839, 840; leadership campaign, 840, 841, 844, 847–50, 852–3, 860–1

Heysel Football Stadium riot, 413

Hindawi, Nezar, 510

History Working Group (National Curriculum), 595–6

homelessness, 603–4

Homestart, 630

Honda, 116, 438, 439

Honecker, Erich
(East German Head of State 1976–89)
, 789

Hong Kong: MT’s China visit (1982), 259–62; Joint Declaration, 466; concern for future, 487; Executive Council (EXCO), 491, 492; Joint Liaison Group, 491–2

Hoskyns, John: Policy Unit, 30; ‘Stepping Stones’, 42; quoted, 56; trade union reform, 104; monetary policy, 133, 135; Central Council, 138; Cabinet reshuffle, 152; successor, 278

hospitals,
see
health

housing: council house sales, 39, 279, 306, 563, 602, 604, 605, 623; private rented sector, 39, 563, 600, 601, 605, 670–1; mortgages, 315, 600, 602, 671, 674, 698; benefit, 563, 600–1; tenancy reforms, 571, 599–601, 671; manifesto (1987), 571, 577, 589, 600, 602; reforms, 599–601; home ownership, 600, 601, 604, 605, 623, 671; local authority housing accounts, 600, 601; ‘flexi-ownership’, 602, 604; Scotland, 602, 621, 623; ‘Rents to Mortgages’, 602, 604, 623; homelessness, 603; Estate Action programme, 605, 621; council estate unemployment culture, 671; market (1988), 674, 706

Housing Action Trusts (HATs), 571, 600–1, 605

Housing Associations, 571, 599, 604

Housing Corporation, 599

Howard, Michael
(Employment Secretary 1990–92)
, 422, 755, 849, 852

Howe, Derek, 285

Howe, Elspeth, 37, 380, 381, 757

Howe, Sir Geoffrey
(Chancellor of the Exchequer 1979–83, Foreign Secretary 1983–89, Leader HC 1989–90):
Shadow Chancellor, 15; Chancellor of Exchequer, 26; budget (1979), 31, 42–5, 50; Chequers lunch, 37; public spending cuts, 51, 53, 127, 149; budget (1980), 55, 95; trade union reform, 100, 104; BL, 118, 120–1; economic strategy, 123, 125–6; friendship with Leon Brittan, 131; budget (1981), 132–7; Cabinet discussions, 148; Party Conference (1981), 154–5; Falklands, 188; budget (1982), 270; public expenditure review (1982), 276–7; Family Policy Group, 279; election manifesto (1983), 281, 283, 284–5; election campaign (1983), 288, 293, 294, 297; Foreign Secretary, 309–10, 418; defence spending, 316; Lebanon MNF, 326, 333; Grenada, 330, 331; EC, 335, 736; Brighton bomb (1984), 380, 381; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405; Northern Ireland speech, 409; Biffen relations, 420; Westland, 428; US bombing of Libya, 443, 445; Gorbachev visit (1984), 460, 461; US visit (1985), 469; Hong Kong negotiations, 489, 491–2; South African issues, 514, 515, 518; South Africa visit, 520; EC budget, 537; Milan Council, 548, 550–1; Strategy Group, 565; style as Chancellor, 672, 673; exchange rate concerns, 688–9; ERM question, 691–2, 693, 695, 697–8, 704, 709–12, 750; relations with MT, 704, 711–12, 718, 757, 758, 839–40; Madrid ambush, 710–12; resignation threat, 712; Leader of the House, 715, 757, 834; European elections (1989), 749; suitability as successor to MT, 755, 756; Foreign Secretary dismissal, 756, 757, 834; refuses Home Office, 757; Deputy PM, 757; single currency statement, 832–3; resignation, 834–7; Commons statement, 838, 839–40

Howell, David
(Energy Secretary 1979–81, Transport Secretary 1981–83)
, 140–2, 151, 283, 307

Hua Guo Feng, 260

Huddleston, Bishop Trevor, 514

Hughes, Bill, 621

Hume, John
(Leader SDLP 1979-)
, 404

Hungary: MT’s visit (1984), 454–8; Austrian border open, 789; MT’s visit (1990), 809

hunger strikes (Maze Prison), 388–93

Hunt, David, 657

Hunt, Sir John
(Cabinet Secretary 1973–79)
, 31

Hunt, Mavis Amanda, 234

Hunt, Rex
(Governor Falkland Islands (1980–82, Civil Commissioner 1982–85)
, 180, 187, 196, 234

Hurd, Douglas
(Northern Ireland Secretary 1984–85, Home Secretary 1985–89, Foreign Secretary 1989-):
Northern Ireland Secretary, 399; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 405; Home Secretary, 419; Foreign Secretary, 531; South Africa sanctions issue, 531; Strategy Group, 565; broadcasting policies, 636, 637; community charge, 666; EMU question, 726; suitability as successor to MT, 755; Kohl meeting, 765–6; German reunification, 793; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 822, 824, 827, 834; leadership election campaign (1990), 840, 844, 847, 850, 851, 852, 853, 858, 861; MT’s resignation, 856, 857

Hussein, King of Jordan (1933-): Falklands crisis, 183; MT’s visit (1985), 508–9; peace initiative, 508–9, 512; Gulf crisis, 816–17, 822, 824

Hussein, Saddam
(Iraqi ruler 1979-)
, 91, 769, 817–22, 823–8, 831

Hussey, Marmaduke
(Chairman BBC Board of Governors 1986-)
, 637

Hu Yaobang, 493

Hyde Park bomb (1982), 394

Ibbs, Robin
(Prime Minister’s Adviser on Efficiency in Government 1983–88)
, 48, 118

ICI, help to USSR, 480

Iliescu, Ion
(President of Romania 1990-)
, 802

immigration, 307, 553, 555

imports, 689

incomes policy, 14, 42, 93–4, 126

Independence
, USS, 329–30

Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), 637

Independent Television Commission (ITC), 637–8

India, MT’s visit (1981), 161–2

individualism, 626–7

Indonesia, MT’s visit (1985), 503

Industrial Charter, 12

inflation: rise, 8; control, 33, 123, 673, 690, 694, 709; (1979), 42, 52, 53; (1980), 123–126; (1981), 136, 153; (1982), 272; (1983), 315; US, 322; role of taxation, 673–4; first term success, 688; effect of Lawson’s policies, 691; (1986), 698–9; (1988–9), 706–7, 710, 714–15, 718, 830; (1990), 675, 724, 831

information technology (IT), 271

Information Technology Year (1982), 271

INF treaty (1987), 771, 773, 774, 784

Ingham, Bernard
(Chief Press Secretary 1979–90):
relationship with MT, 20; public expenditure discussions (1980), 130; coal dispute (1981), 140; TSRB recommendations (1985), 417; Nigerian visit (1988), 525; leadership election (1990), 835, 843; MT’s resignation, 856

Inkatha, 533

Inner London Educational Authority (ILEA), 590, 650, 652–3

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 465

interest rates,
see
MONETARY POLICY

International Democratic Union (IDU), 499–500

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 42, 169–70, 522, 525, 526–7

International Transport Workers’ Federation, 103

interventionist policies, 6, 8, 92–3

Intrepid
, HMS, 248

investment: state direction, 8; opportunities, 671; state-owned industries, 677

Investment Income Surcharge, 673

Invincible
, HMS, 179, 181, 185, 202, 228

IRA: Mountbatten murder, 56; Warrenpoint bomb (1979), 56–7; Irish-American support, 58, 166, 384, 415; Brighton bomb (1984), 368, 371, 379–83, 399, 414; terrorist problem, 383–4; hunger strikes, 389–93; Chelsea Barracks bomb (1981), 393; Hyde Park and Regent’s Park bombs (1982), 394- 5; Harrods bomb (1983), 397; Mill Hill bomb (1988), 410; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; broadcasting ban, 412; Deal bomb (1989), 414; Gow murder, 414–15

Iran: fall of Shah, 42, 156; US hostages, 69, 86–8, 156, 825; London embassy siege, 89–90, 826; war with Iraq, 91, 162, 163–4, 487, 824

Iraq: war with Iran, 91, 162, 163–4, 487, 824; invasion of Kuwait, 164; 816–22; British hostages, 823, 827

Ireland,
see
Irish Republic, Northern Ireland Irish Commission for Justice and Peace (ICJP), 392

Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 396

Irish Republic: Falklands stance, 191, 216, 225, 394; EC, 337, 539; Anglo-Irish summit (1980), 390; Anglo-Irish relations, 393–6; Anglo-Irish Agreement background, 396–402; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 402–6, 409- 10, 413–415

Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (ISTC), 103, 106, 109–13

‘Iron Lady’, 65, 184

Israel: EC discussions, 90–1; peace talks, 322; Lebanon, 326–7;
refuseniks
, 460, 476, 484, 510; ‘land for peace’, 507, 511; Gulf War, 507; MT’s visit (1986), 510–12

Italy: economy, 7; Falklands crisis, 191, 223; nuclear policy, 241; IGC plans, 549–51, 555; Rome European Council, 765

ITV, 588, 634–7

Ivashko, Vladimir, 807

Jaguar, 438

Jakobovits, Immanuel, 510

Jankowski, Father, 781

Japan: trade balance, 64; G7, 164–5, 738–9; Falklands, 191, 231–2; MT’s visit (1982), 259, 496–7; role, 487; trade negotiations, 495–6; MT’s visit (1986), 498–9; MT’s visit (1989), 499–501; business investment, 668; agricultural policy, 738–9

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech
(Polish Prime Minister 1981–85, President 1985–90)
, 251, 253. 777–82, 789

Jay, Douglas, 6

Jayewardene, Junius Richard
(President of Sri Lanka 1978–88)
, 503–4, 517–18

Jenkin, Patrick
(Health and Social Security Secretary 1979–81, Industry Secretary 1981–83, Environment Secretary 1983–85), 55n
, 151, 294, 420, 644, 646

Jenkins, Roy, Lord
(President European Commission 1977–81)
, 84, 266, 298

Jenkins, Simon, 841

John Brown Engineering, 254

John Paul II, Pope, 390, 778

Jones, Colonel ‘H’, 229

Jones, Michael, 840

Jopling, Michael
(Chief Whip 1979–83, Agriculture Secretary 1983–87)
, 25, 151, 288, 460, 840–1

Jordan, MT’s visit (1985), 508–9

Joseph, Sir Keith
(Industry Secretary 1979–81, Education Secretary 1981–86):
political beliefs, 7, 14, 312; Industry, 26, 131; Chequers lunch, 37; monetary policy, 53, 135, 421; trade union reform, 104; steel strike, 107, 111; steel industry, 109, 113; BL, 115, 117–121; public spending debate, 149; Education, 151, 277, 279–80, 420; IT, 271; Family Policy Group, 279; manifesto (1983), 283; retirement plans, 420; departure, 562; education voucher
system, 591; teacher training, 598; telecommunications reforms, 680; attitude to ERM, 691; Social Market pamphlet, 751

Jumblatt, Walid, 327

Kádár, János
(Hungarian General Secretary
1956–88)
, 454–7

Kaifu, Toshiki
(Japanese Prime Minister
1
989–91)
, 499–501

Kano, Emir of, 525–6

Karmal, Babrak
(President of Afghanistan
1979–86
)
, 87

Kaunda, Kenneth
(President Zambia
1964
–91)
, 74, 76, 516, 520, 521–3, 530

Keating, Paul
(Australian Prime Minister
1991-)
, 505

Keays, Sara, 310, 311

Kennedy, John F.
(US President 1961–63)
, 517

Kenya, MT’s visit (1988), 524–5

Keyes, Bill, 113

Keynesian economics, 6, 51, 70, 123, 136

KGB, 776

Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani, Sheik, 164

Khrushchev, Nikita, 453, 456

Kiev, ‘British Days’ Exhibition, 806

King, John, Lord
(Chairman British Airways
1
981–93)
, 679

King, Tom
(Environment Secretary 1983, Employment Secretary 1983–85, Northern Ireland Secretary 1985–89, Defence Secretary 1989–92):
election campaign (1983), 293; Employment, 312, 420; miners’ strike (1984–5), 346, 357, 372–3, 376; Northern Ireland Secretary, 403, 420–3; Anglo-Irish Agreement, 403, 405, 421; IRA options, 408; local government finance review, 646; Ballygawley bomb (1988), 411; Environment, 424, 644; Defence, 756, 812; Gulf crisis, 822, 825–6, 827; leadership election (1990), 854

Kingman Committee Report, 595

Kinnock, Glenys, 580– 1

Kinnock, Neil
(Labour Leader 1983–92):
election campaign (1983), 301; miners’ strike (1984–5), 359, 363, 367, 374; Labour leadership, 360; Westland debates, 434, 435; debate on US bombing of Libya, 448; nuclear defence policy, 568; election campaign (1987), 580–1, 583; attack on MT (1990), 837; speeches, 858; MT’s resignation, 858–9

Kinsley, Michael, 312

Kipling, Rudyard, 82

Kirkpatrick, Jeane (
US Ambassador to UN 1981–83)
, 180, 232

Kissinger, Dr Henry (
US National Security Adviser 1969–75, Secretary of State 1973–77)
, 488

Klaus, Václav, 808

Knight, Andrew, 447

Knight, Sir Arthur, 116

Kohl, Helmut
(German Chancellor 1982-):
EC, 61, 312–14, 337, 537–41, 552, 554, 555–6, 557, 760–1, 763, 767; Chancellor, 257; MT’s visit (1982), 263; MT’s visits (1983), 319, 335; nuclear policy, 323, 335, 587, 747, 774–5, 784–7; US bombing of Libya, 446; Soviet policy, 477; South African debate, 519, 534; Chequers visit (1985), 549; CAP and German farmers, 731, 732–3, 734, 736, 766; London visit (1988), 735; EMU discussions, 740; MT’s visit (1989), 747–8; German reunification, 759, 793–5, 796–7; Hurd meeting, 765–6; MT Frankfurt summit, 785–6; London visit (1990), 799; achievements, 813; CSCE Paris summit, 842–3; MT leadership question, 842–3

Kollek, Teddy, 510–11

Kosygin, Alexei
(Soviet Prime Minister 1964–80)
, 65–6

Krenz, Egon
(East German Head of State 1989–90)
, 793

Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 802

Kuwait, Iraqi invasion, 164, 769, 816–22

Labour Governments: Callaghan’s 3–4; Attlee’s, 5, 12, 355; incomes policy, 42, 126; public spending plans, 51