Read The Downing Street Years Online
Authors: Margaret Thatcher
Community Housing Trusts, 605
Community Land Act, 39
Confederation of British Industry (CBI): Heath plans, 7; price controls, 39; trade union reform, 99, 104–5; MT’s relationship, 130, 271; Industrial Trends Survey, 149; Scottish, 621
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE): preparations for summit (1990), 764; role, 796, 799–800, 805; summit (1990), 802, 836, 842–3; German reunification, 814
Congdon, Professor Tim, 696
Conqueror
, HMS, 214–15
Conquest, Robert, 451, 452
consensus, 167
Conservative Party: Shadow Cabinet, 4, 13n, 14–15; policies, 6–7, 276–80; general election (1979), 17; Conference (1979), 54, 101; Conference (1980), 122; Central Council, 138, 477; Conference (1981), 153–5; funding, 275; general election manifesto (1983), 281–5, 305–6; Conference (1984), 365, 367–8, 379–83; problem issues, 560, 564; Conference (1986), 566–9, 571; general election manifesto (1987), 570–5; Scottish antipathy, 619; Scottish, 621; 892 Conference (1989), 714; leadership election (1989), 830; Conference (1990), 831; leadership question, 832; leadership election (1990), 840–55, 860–1
Conservative Research Department, 12, 282–3, 286, 291, 567, 859
Conservative Trade Unionists (CTU), 101
Contingency Reserve, 49
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) negotiations, 788, 799–800, 842
Cortonwood colliery, 344
Cossiga, Francesco
(Italian Prime Minister 1979–80, President 1985–92)
, 82–3, 84, 241, 246
Costa Mendez, Nicanor
(Argentinian Foreign Minister 1981–82)
, 193, 197, 199
Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CATE), 598
Coventry
, HMS, 227, 228
Cradock, Sir Percy
(British Ambassador to Peking 1978–83, Prime Minister’s Foreign Policy Adviser 1984–92)
, 473, 492
Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’): Downing St arrival, 25; Brighton bomb (1984), 380–1; MT’s clothes, 575–6; MT’s toothache, 584; Lawson resignation, 716; leadership election, 843; Downing St departure, 858, 861; Chequers departure, 860
Craxi, Bettino
(Italian Prime Minister 1983–7
). 549–51
crime,
see
law and order
Criminal Justice Act (1988), 628
Cropper, Peter, 283, 287
cruise (and Pershing) missiles: deployment decision (1979), 156, 241, 243, 245, 300; deployment significance, 171; US development, 240; ‘dual track’ approach, 240; European attitudes to deployment, 241, 243–4, 258–9, 269, 318, 323, 335; opposition to deployment, 267–9, 332, 335; ‘dual key’ question’, 268, 332; deployment preparations, 450; Soviet response to deployment, 453; defence strategy, 472; INF treaty implications, 771–2;
see also
NATO, nuclear weapons Cuba, 158–9, 329
Cuckney, Sir John, 426, 429, 431, 434
current account deficit, 668
curriculum, national, 593–7,
see also
education
Czechoslovakia: Havel Presidency, 789–90; MT’s visit (1990), 808–9
Daily Express
, 103
Daily Mail
, 332, 714
Daily Mirror
, 295
Davies, Edmund, Lord Justice, 32
Davies, John
(Shadow Conservative Foreign
Secretary 1976–78)
, 421
Davy Loewy, 170
Day, Graham
(Chairman BL/Rover 1986–91)
, 679
Day, Sir Robin, 111, 293, 351, 586
Deal Music School bomb (1989), 414
defence: spending, 49, 51, 125, 128, 185, 237, 316; MT’s objectives, 237; political issue, 267–70; unilateralism, 267–8; policy group, 565; troops in Germany, 772;
see also
cruise, NATO, nuclear weapons, Trident
Defence Review (1981), 177, 185, 249–51
de Gaulle, Charles
(French President
1958–69)
, 82, 85, 798, 802, 806, 815
Deidesheim, MT’s visit (1989), 746–8, 786–7
de Klerk, F.W.
(South African State President
1989-
)
, 529, 531–4
de la Billière, Sir Peter
(Commander British
Forces in the Middle East, 1990–1)
, 90, 825–6
Delors, Jacques
(President of EC Commission
1985-):
Finance minister, 338, 547; President of European Commission, 547, 740; EC objectives, 551, 555, 742, 759, 833; Luxemburg Council, 555, 556; Presidential style, 558–9; MT’s relationship, 558, 726, 740; EMU Report, 708, 709, 720, 721, 725, 750; Brittan conversation, 710; CAP, 736; TUC address, 742; Rome European Council, 766–7, 802; Gorbachev meeting, 767
‘demand side’ problems, 668–9
Democracy in Trade Unions
(Green Paper), 275, 284
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 387, 394
Deng Xiaoping
(Chinese ruler 1977-)
, 260–2, 488–9, 491, 492, 493–4
Denmark: economy, 7; farming subsidies, 731–2; EMU approach, 741
DEPARTMENTS AND MINISTRIES
Agriculture, Ministry of, 729–30
Defence, Ministry of (MOD): overspending (1980), 125; Falklands media management, 230; overspending (1983), 316; Westland affair, 425, 427; ABM Treaty interpretation, 465
Education and Science, Department of (DES), 13, 51, 592, 594, 597
Employment, Department of, 51
Energy, Department of, 141, 350, 685
Environment, Department of the (DoE): housing policy, 602–6, 621; community charge, 648–50, 655, 658, 663
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO): Falklands position, 175–6, 181–2; qualities, 309; Soviet seminar, 451; nuclear policies, 465; Hong Kong negotiations, 489; European policies, 559; ERM question, 691, 695; Walters currency proposals, 725; Soviet Union break-up, 801
Health, Department of, 614, 617
Health and Social Security, Department of (DHSS), 47, 50, 608–13, 614
Home Office, 628, 634, 636, 638
Industry, Department of, 26, 120
Northern Ireland Office (NIO), 399
Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 525
Scottish Office, 619–23
Social Security, Department of (DSS), 603, 614
Trade and Industry, Department of (DTI): Westland 425, 426, 429, 434; BL, 438; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687
Transport, Department of, 687, 756
Treasury: forecasts, 51; conduct of monetary policy, 134; public spending cuts, 148; ‘end-year flexibility’, 317; universities, 599; housing reforms, 602; NHS review, 609; attitude to NHS funding proposals, 610, 612, 615–16; child benefit debate, 631; broadcasting franchises, 637; community charge, 655–7, 662, 663; Lawson budget spies, 672; gas privatization, 681; rail privatization study, 687; ERM question, 691–2, 695, 721; exchange rate intervention, 702; inflation paper (1989), 710; Walters currency proposals, 725
dependency culture, 627
deutschmark (DM), 668, 675, 690, 697, 699–705, 722, 763
devaluation, 714
Diego Garcia, 246
Dimbleby, Jonathan, 585
Diplock, Lord, 106
dirty protest, 58, 389, 391
disarmament,
see
nuclear weapons
Disraeli, Benjamin, 37
District Health Authorities (DHAs), 608, 615, 617
divorce, 628, 630
dock strikes (1984), 355–7, 361–2
doctors,
see
British Medical Association, health
Dooge, James, 550
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec
(Conservative Prime
Minister 1963–64)
, 13, 20, 66, 829
Downing Street (No. 10): Policy Unit, 19, 30, 283, 428, 597, 605, 614, 617, 640, 831; Political Office, 19, 21; Press Office, 19; Private Office, 19, 20; staff, 19–20; hours of work, 20; living arrangements, 21; furnishing, 23–4
Druze, 327
Dubai: MT’s visit (1981), 163; MT’s visit (1988), 506–7
du Cann, Sir Edward, 296
Duff, Sir Antony, 76
Duport Steels, 103, 106
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 158
Eastern Europe, 769–70, 789–90
Eaton, Michael, 365
Eban, Abba, 511
E (Cabinet Committee), 39, 274, 394, 429, 639
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU),
see under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and MONETARY POLICY
Economist
, 277, 446–7
Economy Policy Group, 565
Eden, Anthony
(Conservative Prime Minister 1955–7)
, 66, 483, 851
Eden, Clarissa, 362
Eden, Sir John, 286
education: importance, 5; assisted places scheme, 39, 591; computers, 271; parent power, 278; vouchers, 278, 279, 578, 591–2, 614, 831; reform programme, 279–80, 306, 590–2; teacher training, 280; curriculum, 280, 570, 590–1, 593–7; Northern Ireland, 386; standards, 562; parental choice, 562, 591; testing, 570, 593–4; funding, 570, 591; open enrolment, 570, 591; grant-maintained schools, 570–1, 578, 592–3, 597; manifesto (1987), 570–1, 578, 590; selection, 578; centres of excellence, 578–9; City Technology Colleges, 592, 593; LMS, 592; national curriculum, 593–7; teacher training, 597–8; universities, 598–9; student loans, 598; Scotland, 620–1
Education Policy Group, 282
Education Reform Act (1988), 591
Edwardes, Sir Michael
(Chairman BL 1977–82)
, 114–20
Edwards, Nicholas
(Welsh Secretary 1979–87), 110
, 565
Efficiency Unit, 30
Egypt, MT’s visit (1985), 508
EH 101 helicopter project, 425, 429
Eisenhower
, USS, 227
Eksund
, 406, 731
elderly people, 606
Election Call
, 587
elections, general: (1979), 4–5, 15, 17; Conservative manifesto (1983), 281–5; campaign planning (1983), 285–9; campaign (1983), 291–304; Conservative manifesto (1987), 569–75; campaign (1987), 576–88;
see also
by-elections
and
European Parliament (
under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY)
electricity: prices, 52; privatization, 682–4
Elizabeth II, Queen: MT’s audiences with, 17–18, 208, 850, 861; African tour (1979), 74; Falklands War, 180–1, 208; US invasion of Grenada, 330; Australian Bicentennial, 504
El Salvador, 158, 159, 322, 383
Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 518–19, 520
employment: new jobs, 668; labour mobility, 670–1;
see also
unemployment
Employment Acts: (1980), 97–108; (1982), 272–4; (1984), 279; (1988), 669; (1990), 669
Employment Policy Group, 565
Employment Protection Act (1975), 102
EMU,
see
Economic and Monetary Union
under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
and
MONETARY POLICY
Enders, Thomas, 192
Endurance
, HMS, 177, 178
Energy Act (1983), 682
Engineering Employers’ Federation (EEF), 98
Enniskillen bomb (1987), 406
Enterprise Policy Group, 282
Enterprise Zones, 44, 95
Enthoven, Professor Alain, 607
environment, 638–41; pollution issue, 563, 639
ERM,
see
Exchange Rate Mechanism
under
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
and
MONETARY POLICY
Estate Action programme, 605, 621
European Commission on Human Rights, 391
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Agriculture Council, 85, 257, 732
budget issues: British contribution, 62–4, 83–6, 91, 257, 537–45; Financial Mechanism, 62; agreement (1980), 78–86; financing, 313–14; discussion (1983), 336–8; deficit (1987), 728
Central Bank proposals, 738, 740–1
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 728–37; Walker’s approach, 28; cost, 62, 336; wastefulness, 62; French approach, 62, 84; German approach, 62, 257. 313, 319, 544; British net contribution, 80, 257, 319; Bruges speech, 745
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 690–1; Lawson’s views, 554, 691, 708, 716; Delors Report, 707–8, 720–1, 723, 746, 750; Major’s views, 719; discussions (1990), 719–21; no compromise, 724–6; EC discussions (1988), 740–2, (1989), 759–60, (1990), 763, 765–6
enlargement, 545–8, 769–70
European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 759
European Commission: budget settlement pressure, 80; Presidency, 547, 558–9, 740; water policies, 638; ERM, 691; federalist project, 728; rebate mechanism, 729; role, 743
European Councils:
Strasbourg (1979), 61–4, 79
Dublin (1979), 79–82
Luxemburg (1980), 83–5, 388, 390
Venice (1980), 90
Brussels (1982), 178
Stuttgart (1983), 312–14, 319
Athens (1983), 318, 319, 335–8, 537, 538
Brussels (1984), 346, 538–41
Fontainebleau (1984), 541–4, 728, 733
Dublin (1984), 545–6
Brussels (1985), 546–7
Milan (1985), 401, 548–51
Luxemburg (1985), 550, 551, 554–7
Hague (1986), 519, 522
London (1986), 557–9
Brussels (1987), 729–31
Copenhagen (1987), 729, 731–3, 736–7
Brussels (1988), 733, 735–7
Hanover (1988), 409–10, 707–8, 737, 740–1
Rhodes (1988), 746–7, 784–5
Madrid (1989), 710–13, 741, 750–2, 760
Strasbourg (1989), 759–60, 796–7
Dublin (1990), 726, 760–3
Rome (1990), 764–7, 832, 837
European Court of Justice (ECJ), 80, 743
European Currency Unit (ecu), 63; ‘hard’, 720, 741, 750, 762, 765, 833
European Democratic Group (EDG), 749
European Democratic Union (EDU), 500
European Magna Carta, 800, 808, 842
European Monetary Fund proposals, 720, 721, 750
European Monetary System (EMS),
see
Exchange Rate Mechanism
European Parliament: elections (1979), 60, 61; elections (1984), 537, 540; powers, 554; MT’s speech (1986), 558; elections (1989), 711, 748–50, 754
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): MT’s attitude, 63, 554; German views, 63, 83, 692; Lawson’s attitude, 554, 566, 691, 693–700, 709–13, 722; Major’s policy, 690; path to EMU, 690–1; discussions (1979–82), 691–3; arguments (1985), 693–8, (1989), 709–14; ‘Madrid conditions’, 712–13, 718, 719, 722, 723; discussion (1990), 719–21; entry of sterling, 721–4
Falklands crisis, Argentina embargo, 190–1, 223, 548
Franco-German axis, 61, 727–8, 759–63, 790, 814–15
Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, 545, 546