The Duel (51 page)

Supreme Council of Nawab of Kalabagh,
69
,
104

Supreme Court, Pakistan,
7
,
8
,
9
,
11
–12,
115
–16,
162
,
163
,
165
,
166
,
183
,
188
,
189
,
254
,
260
,
273
,
274
,
285

Switzerland,
160
,
178
,
179

Syria,
106
,
171
,
265

Tablighi Jamaat (TJ),
6

Taliban,
13
,
16
,
24
,
25
,
26
–27,
124
,
136
,
146
,
147
–48,
157
,
162
,
165
,
174
,
180
,
181
,
219
,
222
,
224
,
225
,
227
,
231
,
241
,
242
,
243
,
247
,
254
,
295
,
296

Taraki, Nur Muhammad,
119

Tashkent Treaty,
63

Taylor, Maxwell,
200

Tebhaga peasant uprising,
88

Thakur, Muttabir,
87

Thatcher, Margaret,
173
,
222

Thompson, Herbert,
20
–21

Time,
180
,
232

Times
(London),
89
,
129

“Toba Tek Singh” (Manto),
38

Tolstoy, Leo,
46

Tomalin, Nicholas,
66

Truman, Harry S.,
266

Turkey,
23
,
121
,
196
,
197
,
199
,
239
n,
263

United Nations,
84
,
110
,
160
,
176
,
184
,
202
,
216
,
228
,
258
,
276
,
229
,
240

United Nations Population Fund,
1

United States,
11
,
23
,
86
,
195
–96,
207
,
301

Afghanistan invaded and occupied by,
19
,
22
,
25
,
26
–27,
120
,
130
–31,
146
,
147
,
148
,
152
,
160
,
191
,
212
,
216
,
217
–20,
222
–29,
231
–48,
251
,
256
,
264
,
295
–97,
298
,
300

influence of, on Pakistan,
xi
–xii,
12
,
13
,
27
–28,
32
,
50
,
53
,
56
,
58
–59,
60
–61,
67
,
84
,
85
,
109
–11,
113
–14,
116
,
119
,
120
–21,
129
,
143
,
145
–47,
149
,
150
,
159
,
161
,
179
,
184
,
187
,
192
,
195
–97,
198
–99,
201
–2,
251
–52,
254
,
255
,
268
–69,
270
,
272
–73,
280
–81,
294
,
295
–96,
302
,
303

Pakistan arms embargo of,
112
,
113
,
202
,
262

Pakistani doctors in,
5

Pakistani hostility toward,
xi

in Suez crisis,
57

Usmani, I. H.,
108
–9

Uzbekistan,
229
,
246

Vance, Cyrus,
109
–10

Vietnam War,
67
–68,
121
,
129
,
142
,
243

von Vorys, Karl,
69

Wahhabism,
12
,
23
,
142
,
227

Wall Street Journal,
149
,
150

Waris Shah,
39

war on terror,
12
,
26
,
165
,
166
,
180
,
191
,
261

Warren, Brigadier,
73

Wazed, Sheikh Hasina,
288

Waziristan,
18
,
242
,
251

Westinghouse,
112

West Pakistan,
xi
,
43
,
52
,
59
,
61
,
62
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
72
,
74
–75,
76
,
77
,
94
,
98
,
104
,
105
,
128

East Pakistan’s invasion of,
78
,
81
–93,
97
–98,
148
,
205

see also
Pakistan

Wilmers, Mary-Kay,
xiv

Women’s Action Forum,
291

World War II,
32
–33,
51
–52,
70
–71,
72
,
73
,
113
,
221
,
265

Wu Bangguo,
262

Yahya Khan, Agha Muhammad,
68
,
70
,
76
,
77
,
81
,
83
,
85
,
87
,
90
,
92
–93,
203
n

Yaqub, General,
81

Yeltsin, Boris,
7
,
130
,
212

Yousaf, Mohammed,
129
–30,
148

Yousuf, Mohammad,
6

Zaheer, Sajjad,
52

Zahir Shah,
221
,
222

Zaman, Fakhar,
277
–78

Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez,
217

Zardari, Asif Ali,
5
,
137
,
138
,
139
,
158
,
160
,
161
n,
172
–73,
174
,
175
,
176
,
178
,
179
,
182
,
187
,
188
,
248
,
255
,
260
,
270
,
271
,
273
,
280
–81,
284
–85,
286
,
303

Zardari, Bilawal,
187

Zardari, Hakim,
172

Zia, Khaleda,
288

Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad,
xi
,
3
,
4
,
9
,
12
,
17
,
25
,
106
–7,
113
,
114
,
115
,
116
,
117
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
122
,
123
,
124
–25,
128
,
129
,
131
,
135
,
140
,
141
,
143
,
144
,
147
,
148
,
151
,
156
,
161
n,
162
,
169
–70,
176
,
180
,
185
,
207
,
208
,
259
,
260
,
268
,
269
,
271
,
277
,
282
,
289

death of,
131
–33,
134
,
173
,
209

Zinni, Anthony,
249
,
250
–51,
252

Writer and filmmaker Tariq Ali was born in Lahore and studied politics and philosophy at Oxford University. He was a prominent leader of opposition to the war in Vietnam and more recently the war in Iraq. Today he writes regularly for a range of publications including the
Guardian,
the
Nation,
and the
London Review of Books
and is on the editorial board of
New Left Review.
He has written more than a dozen books including nonfiction such as
Can Pakistan Survive?, The Clash of Fundamentalisms, Bush in Babylon,
and
Pirates of the Caribbean,
and fiction including
Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, The Book of Saladin, The Stone Woman,
and
A Sultan in Palermo,
as well as scripts for both stage and screen. He lives in London.

*
Similar ideas were floating around Christian Europe at the time and were subsequently deployed by Oliver Cromwell to topple Charles I and execute him.

*
Quoted in
The Pathan Unarmed
by Mukulika Banerjee (Oxford, 2000). This work by an Indian scholar, the most comprehensive history of the Redshirt movement and its leaders, is ignored by most Pakistani historians and social anthropologists because it contradicts the founding myths of the country.

*
“Great Leader” in English (imagine it in German)—the honorific bestowed on Jinnah by his followers.

*
It has always struck me as odd that no Indian filmmaker, inspired by Eisenstein’s classic
Battleship Potemkin,
has put this most dramatic mutiny on the screen, whereas there have been several movies about the 1857 uprising against the British.

^†
Harijan,
April 7, 1946.

^‡
Jinnah himself had no truck with religion as such, but like Ben-Gurion and the Zionist leadership in Palestine, he used it to carve out a state. Unlike his Israeli counterparts, he did not permit religious laws to govern the private lives of the citizens.

*
My mother, for instance, an active member of the Communist Party at the time and proud of her correspondence with Jawaharlal Nehru, would often recall how in April 1947, heavily pregnant with my sister and alone at home, she was disturbed by a loud knock on the front door. As she opened the door, she was overcome by panic. She thought she was about to be murdered. In front of her stood the giant figure of a Sikh. He saw the fear on her face, understood, and spoke to her in a soft, reassuring voice. All he wanted was the exact location of a particular house on a nearby road. My mother gave him the directions. He thanked her warmly and left. She was overpowered by shame. How could she of all people, without a trace of communal prejudice, have reacted in that fashion? She was not alone.

*
The Ambassador in Karachi (Paul H. Alling) to the Secretary of State (Marshall), March 22, 1948, 845F.00/3–2248, cited in M. S. Venkataramani,
The American Role in Pakistan
(Lahore: 1984).

*
Report of the Court of Inquiry on the Punjab Disturbances of 1953
(Lahore: 1954).

*
Pakistan: Military Rule or People’s Power?
(London and New York: 1970).

*
“Letters to Uncle Sam,” translated into English by Khalid Hassan, the letters were first published by Alhamra Press, Islamabad, a few weeks before 9/11.

*
New York Times,
editorial, October 12, 1958.

*
Gustav F. Papanek,
Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives
(Cambridge, MA: 1967).

^†
Keith B. Griffin, “Financing Development Plans in Pakistan,”
Pakistan Development Review,
Winter 1965.

*
Ayub’s information secretary, Altaf Gauhar, a crafty, cynical courtier, had ghosted a truly awful book: stodgy, crude, verbose, and full of half-truths. It backfired badly and was soon being viciously satirized in clandestine pamphlets on university campuses. Ayub had in Chairman Mao mode suggested that Pakistanis “should study this book, understand and act upon it. . . . It contains material which is for the good of the people.” But in China there was universal literacy so people could read the wretched
Little Red Book.
In Pakistan over 75 percent of the population was illiterate, and of the rest only a tiny elite could read English. An Urdu edition was produced but bought only by government employees. It was not considered necessary to waste money on a Bengali edition, the only sensible decision of the period.