The Edward Snowden Affair (47 page)

²²
   Bott, Ed. “The real story in the NSA scandal is the collapse of journalism.”
ZDNet
. June 8, 2013.
http://www.zdnet.com/the-realstory-in-the-nsa-scandal-is-the-collapse-of-journalism-7000016570/
.

²³
   Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others.”
The Guardian
. June 6, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsadata
.

²⁴
   RT. “NSA admits to spying on more people than previously thought.”
RT
. July 18, 2013.
http://rt.com/usa/nsa-inglis-three-hops-272/
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²⁵
   Sutter, John. “On Facebook, it’s now 4.74 degrees of separation.”
CNN
. Nov. 22, 2011.
http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/tech/social-media/facebook-six-degrees/index.html?iref=allsearch
.

²⁶
   Bakhshandeh, Reza, et al. “Degrees of Separation in Social Networks.” The Fourth International Symposium on Combinatorial Search.
The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
. 2011.
http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/SOCS/SOCS11/paper/viewFile/4031/4352
.

²⁷
   Greenwald, Glenn and Spencer Ackerman. “NSA collected US email records in bulk for more than two years under Obama.”
The Guardian
. June 27, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsadata-mining-authorised-obama
.

²⁸
   Davidson, Amy. “The N.S.A. and Its Targets: Lavabit Shuts Down.”
The New Yorker
. Aug. 8, 2013.
http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/2013/08/the-nsa-and-its-targets-lavabit-shuts-down.html
.

²⁹
   The Washington Post. “NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program.”
The Washington Post
. June 6, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/prism-collectiondocuments/
.

³⁰
   Gellman, Barton and Laura Poitras. “U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program.”
The Washington Post
. June 6, 2013.
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/201306-06/news/39784046_1_prism-nsa-u-s-servers
.

³¹
   Hopkins, Nick. “UK gathering secret intelligence via covert NSA operation.”
The Guardian
. June 7, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism
.

³²
   Reuters. “Apple: ‘We Have Never Heard Of PRISM.’”
The Huffington Post
. June 6, 2013.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/06/appleprism-nsa_n_3399739.html
.

³³
   Gupta, Poornima and Gerry Shih. “Internet giants deny granting government ‘direct access’ to servers.”
Reuters
. June 6, 2013.
http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE9551EU20130607?irpc=932
.

³⁴
   McCullough, Charles. Letter from Charles McCullough to Senators Ron Wyden and Mark Udall.
Wired
. June 15, 2012.
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/dangerroom/2012/06/IC-IG-Letter.pdf
.

³⁵
   Meacham, T. “PRISM: The 8 Tech Companies Who Gave Your Data to the Government Have This to Say About the Scandal.”
PolicyMic
. June 8, 2013.
http://www.policymic.com/articles/47231/prism-the-8-techcompanies-who-gave-your-data-to-the-government-have-this-to-sayabout-the-scandal
.

³⁶
   Wired. “Whistle-Blower’s Evidence, Uncut.”
Wired
. May 22, 2006.
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/05/70944
.

³⁷
   Miller, Claire. “Tech Companies Concede to Surveillance Program.”
The New York Times
. June 7, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/technology/tech-companies-bristling-concede-to-governmentsurveillance-efforts.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
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³⁸
   The White House. “Statement by the President.”
The White House of the United States
. June 7, 2013.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/06/07/statement-president
.

³⁹
   Zetter, Kim. “Google sends Prism data to NSA by secure FTP or ‘by hand.’”
Wired
. June 12, 2013.
http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-06/12/google-prism-ftp
.

⁴⁰
   MacAskill, Ewen. “NSA paid millions to cover Prism compliance costs for tech companies.”
The Guardian
. Aug. 22, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/23/nsa-prism-costs-techcompanies-paid
.

⁴¹
   Microsoft Corporation. “Law Enforcement Requests Report.”
Microsoft Corporation
. June 14, 2013.
https://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/transparency/
.

⁴²
   Facebook. “Global Government Requests Report.”
Facebook
. June 14, 2013.
https://www.facebook.com/about/government_requests
.

⁴³
   Yahoo. “Government Data Requests.”
Yahoo
. June 17, 2013.
http://info.yahoo.com/transparency-report/us/
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⁴⁴
   Apple. “Apple’s Commitment to Customer Privacy” (Government Request Report).
Apple
. June 17, 2013.
https://www.apple.com/applescommitment-to-customer-privacy/
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⁴⁵
   Electronic Privacy Information Center. “Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Orders 1979-2012.”
Electronic Privacy Information Center
. Dec. 16, 2013.
http://epic.org/privacy/wiretap/stats/fisa_stats.html
.

⁴⁶
   Kadzik, Peter. Letter from Peter Kadzik to Senator Harry Reid.
Federation of American Scientists
. Apr. 30, 2013.
https://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2012rept.pdf
.

⁴⁷
   Cf. 3.39

⁴⁸
   The Washington Post. PRISM slide.
The Washington Post
. Dec. 16, 2013.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/prismcollection-documents/images/prism-slide-2.jpg
.

⁴⁹
   Pingdom. Map of all Google data center locations.
Pingdom
. Dec. 16, 2013.
http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/11/map-of-all-google-datacenter-locations/
.

⁵⁰
   Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “Obama orders US to draw up overseas target list for cyber-attacks.”
The Guardian
. June 7, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/07/obama-china-targetscyber-overseas
.

⁵¹
   The Guardian. Obama tells intelligence chiefs to draw up cyber target list – full document text.
The Guardian
. June 7, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/07/obama-cyberdirective-full-text
.

⁵²
   Jones, Terril. “China has ‘mountains of data’ about U.S. cyber attacks: official.”
Reuters
. June 5, 2013.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-china-usa-hacking-idUSBRE95404L20130605
.

⁵³
   Cf. 3.52

⁵⁴
   The White House. “Remarks by President Obama and President Xi Jinping of the People’s Republic of China After Bilateral Meeting.”
The White House of the United States
. June 8, 2013.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/08/remarks-presidentobama-and-president-xi-jinping-peoples-republic-china-
.

⁵⁵
   Greenwald, Glenn and Ewen MacAskill. “Boundless Informant: the NSA’s secret tool to track global surveillance data.”
The Guardian
. June (8) 11, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsaboundless-informant-global-datamining
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⁵⁶
   Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Transcript of Director James Clapper’s interview with Andrea Mitchell.
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
. June 10, 2013.
http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/speeches-and-interviews/195-speeches-interviews-2013/874director-james-r-clapper-interview-with-andrea-mitchell
.

⁵⁷
   Poitras, Laura and Glenn Greenwald. “NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: ‘I don’t want to live in a society that does these sort of things.’”
The Guardian
. June 9, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-interviewvideo
.

⁵⁸
   Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.”
The Guardian
. June 9, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-surveillance
.

⁵⁹
   Clemons, Steve. Personal Twitter account.
Twitter
. June 8, 2013.
https://twitter.com/SCClemons/status/343392529913356289
.

⁶⁰
   MacAskill, Ewen. “Edward Snowden, NSA files source: ‘If they want to get you, in time they will.’”
The Guardian
. June 9, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edwardsnowden-why
.

⁶¹
   NBS Nightly News. “DNI’s Clapper: Leaker chose to ‘violate a sacred trust.’”
NBS News
. June 10, 2013.
http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/52158136#52158136
.

C
HAPTER
4

¹
     Greenwald, Glenn. “Edward Snowden: NSA whistleblower answers reader questions.”
The Guardian
. June 17, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/edward-snowden-nsa-fileswhistleblower
.

²
     Moore, Michael. Personal Twitter account.
Twitter
. June 9, 2013.
http://mmflint.me/11P4jva
.

³
     Beck, Glenn. Personal Twitter account.
Twitter
. June 9, 2013.
https://twitter.com/glennbeck/status/343816286234632192
.

⁴
     Stiles, Megan. “Ron Paul: We need to know more about what the government is doing.”
Campaign for Liberty
. June 10, 2013.
http://www.campaignforliberty.org/national-blog/ron-paul-we-need-toknow-more-about-what-the-government-is-doing/
.

⁵
     Limbaugh, Rush. “Edward Snowden: Hero or Traitor?”
RushLimbaugh.com
. June 10, 2013.
http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2013/06/10/edward_snowden_hero_or_traitor
.

⁶
     Perez, Evan. “FBI Scrutinized on Petraeus.”
The Wall Street Journal
. Nov. 12, 2012.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324073504578113460852395852.html
.

⁷
     O’Reilly, Bill. “Data Mining and You.”
BillOReilly.com
. June 10, 2013.
http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=3410
.

⁸
     Wing, Nick. “Jimmy Carter Defends Edward Snowden, Says NSA Spying Has Compromised Nation’s Democracy.”
The Huffington Post
. July 18, 2013.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/18/jimmy-carteredward-snowden_n_3616930.html
.

⁹
     Gore, Al. Personal Twitter account.
Twitter
. June 5, 2013.
https://twitter.com/algore/status/342455655057211393
.

¹⁰
   Goldenberg, Suzanne. “Al Gore: NSA’s secret surveillance program ‘not really the American way.’”
The Guardian
. June 14, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/14/al-gore-nsa-surveillanceunamerican
.

¹¹
   Chumley, Cheryl. “GOP’s Peter King: NSA leaker Edward Snowden must be extradited, prosecuted.”
The Washington Times
. June 10, 2013.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jun/10/gops-peterking-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden-must-be-/
.

¹²
   ABC News. “Boehner on NSA Whistleblower: ‘He’s a Traitor.’”
ABC News
. June 11, 2013.
http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/edwardsnowden-nsa-leaker-boehner-hes-traitor-19371699
.

¹³
   Fox News. “Cheney defends NSA programs, says Snowden a ‘traitor,’ Obama ‘lacks credibility.’”
Fox News
. June 16, 2013.
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/06/16/cheney-defends-ussurveillance-programs-says-snowden-traitor-obama-lacks/
.

¹⁴
   Welsh, Teresa. “The NSA Leaker: Traitor or Hero?”
U.S. News
. June 11, 2013.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/06/11/is-nsaleaker-edward-snowden-a-traitor-or-a-hero-whistleblower
.

¹⁵
   Stein, Sam. “Rand Paul Warns Edward Snowden: Don’t Cozy Up To The Russians.”
The Huffington Post
. June 23, 2013.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/23/rand-paulsnowden_n_3486455.html
.

¹⁶
   Newport, Frank. “Americans Disapprove of Government Surveillance Programs.”
Gallup
. June 12, 2013.
http://www.gallup.com/poll/163043/americans-disapprove-government-surveillance-programs.aspx
.

¹⁷
   The White House. “Pardon Edward Snowden” petition.
The White House of the United States
. June 9, 2013.
https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/pardon-edward-snowden/Dp03vGYD
.

¹⁸
   Nelson, Steve. “White House Remains Silent on ‘Pardon Edward Snowden’ Petition.”
U.S. News
. Aug. 23, 2013.
http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2013/08/23/white-house-remains-silent-on-pardon-edward-snowden-petition
.

¹⁹
   Greenwald, Glenn, et al. “Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.”
The Guardian
. June 9, 2013.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsawhistleblower-surveillance
.