Sacrifice
to
Melquart,
Polybius
31.
12;
religion
and
culture,
Picard
&
Picard
(1987), pp.
35-50,
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
193-256,
esp.
245-56.
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
56-124,
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
78-102.
Exploration
&
colonization,
see
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
91-100,
Lancel
(1995), pp.
100-109;
the
Neapolis
of
fourth-century
Carthage,
141-2.
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
269-88;
Agathocles,
Diodorus Siculus
20.
8.
3-4.
Contrast
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
125-81
with
the
more
up
to
date
view
in
Lancel (1995),
pp.
111-21.
Pyrrhus'
lost
manual,
Plutarch,
Pyrrhus
8;
on
Hellenistic
warfare
in
general
see F.
Adcock,
The Greek and Macedonian Art
of
War
(Berkeley,
1957).
On
ship
construction
and
naval
warfare
see
chapter
5;
for
Carthage's
harbour
see
Lancel (1995),
pp.
172-8,
H.
Hurst,
'Excavations
at
Carthage,
1977-8',
Antiquaries' Journal
59
(1979),
pp.
19-.9.
Exchange
of
troops
in
218,
Polybius
3.
33.
5-16.
Note
the
difficulties
in
communicating with
each
other
in
the
rebellious
army
during
the
Mercenary
War,
Polybius
1.
67.
3-13, 69.
9-13.
Marriage
alliances
between
Punic
aristocrats
and
Numidian
royalty,
e.g.
Polybius
1.
78. 1-9,
Livy
29.
23.
2-8;
in
Spain,
DS
25.
12,
Livy
24.
51.
7,
Silius
Italicus
3.
97,106.
Autaritus'
Gauls,
Polybius
2.
7.
6-11.
500
Numidians,
Livy
26.
38.
11-14;
Libyans
at
Saguntum,
Livy
21.
11.
8;
Gauls
at Tarentum,
Polybius
8.
30.
1;
speirai
at
Cannae,
Polybius
3.
114.
4,
cf.
6.
24.
5.
For
war
elephants
in
general
see
H.
Scullard,
The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World
(London,
1974);
Raphia,
see
Polybius
5.
84.
2-7.
See
chapter
12.
A
good
recent
survey
of
early
Roman
history
is
T.
Cornell,
The Beginnings
of
Rome
(London,
1995).
On
this
period
see
Cornell
(1995),
pp.
345-68,
&
S.
Oakley,
The
Roman
Conquest
of Italy',
in
J.
Rich
&
G.
Shipley,
War and Society in the Roman World
(London,
1993), pp.
9-37;
refusal
to
negotiate
with
Pyrrhus,
Plutarch,
Pyrrhus
18-20.
On
aristocratic
funerals
see
Polybius
6.
53-4.
Factions
dominate
most
modern
accounts
of
the
Punic
Wars,
e.g.
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
pp.
20,
83-4,
and
to
a
lesser
extent
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
4,108. H.
Scullard,
Roman politics 220-150
BC
(London,
1951)
represents
an
extreme
form
of this
view.
Polybius'
famous
description,
Polybius
6.
11-19,
43-58,
and
F.
Walbank,
A Historical
Polybius
6.
19-42,
and
Walbank
1
(1970)
pp.
697-723.
Polybius
11.
23.
1,
33,1,
and
Walbank
2
(1970),
p.
302.
See
also
M.
Bell,
Tactical Reform
in
the
Roman
Republican
Army',
Historia
14
(1965),
pp.
404-22.