The Fall of Carthage (69 page)

Zonaras
8.
10,
Frontinus,
Strategemata
2.
1.
4

Agrigentum,
Polybius
1.
19.
13-15;
Hiero
supplying
the
Roman
army,
Polybius
1.
18. 11;
extension
of
Roman
war-aims,
Polybius
1.
20.
1-2,
and
F.
Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
1
(Oxford,
1970),
p.
72,
who
cites
Polybius'
claim
that
the victory
at
Telamon
in
225
BC
encouraged
the
Senate
to
plan
to
expel
the
Celts
entirely from
Transpadine
Gaul,
2.
31.
7.

Defections
to
Rome,
DS23.
4.
1;
unsuccessful
operations,
DS
23.
3.
1
and
23.
4.
2.
It
is possible
that
these
places
were
misidentified
by
Diodorus'
excerpter,
see
Lazenby
(1996) p.
53;
Mytistratus,
DS23.
9.
2-3;
Herbesus,
DS 23.
8.
1;
Camarina,
DS
23.
9.
4;
Enna DS23.9.
5.

Lipara
a
trap,
Polybius
1.
21.
5-8,
8.
35.
9,
Zonaras
8.
10,
Livy
Per.
17;
Thermae,
DS 23.
19.
1;
the
Gauls,
Zonaras
8.
10,
DS
23.
8.
3,
Frontinus
Strat. 3.
16.
3.

Thermae,
Polybius
1.
24.
3-4,
DS
23.
9.
4;
annual
changes
in
commanders,
Zonaras
8. 16.
The
main
drafts
of
reinforcements
for
the
Punic
armies
in
Sicily
mentioned
by Polybius
were
in
262,
1.
18.
8,
and
in
255
including
140
elephants,
1.
38.
2-3.

Polybius
1.
29.
1-10;
Italian
prisoners,
Zonaras
8.
12;
Kerkouane,
Lancel
(1995), pp.
268-9,
367.

Regulus'
reluctance
to
take
command,
Dio
11.
20;
his
army,
Polybius
1.
29.
9;
First Legion,
Polybius
1.
30.
11;
Roman
generalship,
see
A.
Goldsworthy
'"Instinctive Genius";
The
Depiction
of
Caesar
the
general',
in
K.
Welch
and
A.
Powell
(edd.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter. The War Commentaries as Political Instruments
(Swansea, 1998),
pp.
192-219.

Polybius
1.
30.
1-7;
see
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
100
for
a
discussion
of
the
possible
identity of
Adys.

Roman
officers
spot
the
Carthaginian
error,
Polybius
1.
30.
9.

Polybius
1.
30.
10-14;
dawn
attack,
Polybius
1.
30.
10;
night
attack,
Zonaras
8.
13.

Use
of
Tunis
as
base,
Polybius
1.
30.
15;
desire
to
gain
credit
for
ending
war,
1.
31. 4-5;
similar
behaviour
by
other
Roman
commanders,
e.g.
Tiberius
Sempronius
Longus at
Trebia
in
218,
Polybius
3.
70.
7,
and
Titus
Quinctius
Flamininus
during
the negotiations
with
Philip
V
of
Macedonia
in
198-197,
Polybius
18.
11-12.

Polybius
1.
31.
1-8,
Dio
11.
22-3.

Polybius
1.
32.
1-9;
Xanthippus'
arrival,
DS
23.
16.
1;
his
competence,
Polybius
1.
32.
7.

Polybius
1.
33.
1-6;
see
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
104
for
a
discussion
of
the
possible
site
of the
battle.

Polybius
1.
33.
9,
see
also
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
104-5.
For
cases
of
more
than
three
lines being
formed
by
legions
in
the
first-century
BC,
see
Pharsalus,
Caesar
Bellum Civile
3. 89;
examples
of
whole
legions
in
reserve
include
Emporion
in
195,
Livy
34.
15,
a victory
over
the
Boii
in
193,
Livy
35.
5;
examples
from
the
Second
Punic
War
include Numistro,
Livy
27.
2,12,
and
in
Spain
in
205,
Livy
29.
2.

Polybius
1.
33.
8-34.
12.

For
possible
later
service
in
Egypt
see
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
106,
who
mentions
that Ptolemy
III
appointed
a
Xanthippus
to
a
governorship
in
245,
Hieronymus
In Daniel
11.
7-9;
for
the
Regulus
myth
see
Diodorus
23.
16.
1,
DS
24.
12,
and
discussion
in
A. Pauly,
G.
Wissowa
et
al.,
Real-encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
(Stuttgart,
1893-),
Atilius
(51),
cols.
2088-92.

For
Hamilcar's
campaigns
against
the
Numidians
see
Orosius
4.
9.
9.
The
chronology
of Hanno's
operations
in
Libya
are
uncertain,
Polybius
1.
73.
1,
74.
7,
DS
24.
10.

Polybius
1.
39.
7-40.
16.
It
does
not
really
matter
for
our
purposes
whether
Metellus fought
the
battle
as
a
consul
or
proconsul.
For
a
discussion
of
the
relevant
sources
see Lazenby
(1996),
p.
120.

Casualties,
Eutropius
2.
24,
Orosius
4.
9.15;
elephants,
Polybius
1.
38.
2,
DS
23.
21, Zonaras
8.
14,
Pliny
Natural History
8.
16;
Gauls,
DS
23.
21.

Polybius
1.
41.
4-48.
11.
Polybius
gives
the
strength
of
the
garrison
as
10,000,
1.
42. 11,
but
Diodorus
says
that
they
consisted
of
only
7,000
infantry
and
700
cavalry,
DS
24. 1.
However,
he
also
says
that
a
draft
of4,000
men
was
taken
into
the
city
by
sea.
The same
passage
gives
the
Roman
strength.