The Fall of Carthage (72 page)

Appian,
The Wars in Spain.
5.

This
seems
to
be
the
implication
of
Polybius'
brief
account,
2.
1.
5.

Contrast
Picard
&
Picard
(1987),
pp.
209-29,
with
S.
Lancel,
Carthage
(Oxford,
1995), pp.
376-80.

Embassy
to
Hamilcar,
Dio
12.
48;
Hasdrubal,
Polybius
2.
13.
3-7,
3.
27.
9-10.
For
the presence
of
Roman
traders
see
Dyson
(1985),
p.
180.

For
an
account
of
the
campaigns
in
Cisalpine
Gaul
see
Dyson
(1985),
pp.
26-34. Polybius'
account
of
the
Gallic
Wars,
2.
14.
1-35.
10;
Telamon,
2.
26.
1-31.
7; Flaminius'
land
bill,
2.
21.
7-9,
his
campaign
32.
1-33.
9.

Trade
between
Rome
and
Carthage,
see
R.
Palmer,
Rome and Carthage at Peace
(1997), pp.
15-52.
Guest
friendship,
Livy
27.
16.
5,
33.
45.
6.

Physical
boundaries
were
imposed
on
both
sides
in
the
earlier
treaties
between
Rome and
Carthage,
Polybius
3.
22.
4-7,
24.
4,11;
between
Rome
and
Tarentum,
Appian
Samnite History
7,
79,
between
Carthage
and
Cyrene,
Sallust
Bellum Jugurthinum
2-10.

Treaty
with
Saguntum,
Polybius
3.
30.
1-2;
arbitration
in
Saguntum's
internal
dispute, 3.
15.
7.

Polybius
3.15.1-13,17.1-11,
Livy
21.
6.1-9.
2,12.1-15.
2;
Hannibal's
wound,
21.7. 10.

The
embassy,
Polybius
3.
20.
6-21.
8,
33.
1-4,
Livy
21.
18.
1-19.
5.
On
Fabius
Buteo see
Broughton,
The Magistrates
of
the Roman Republic
no.
116.
F.
Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
1
(Oxford,
1970),
p.
334
on
the
probability
of
a
conditional
vote for
war
before
the
ambassadors
left
Rome.
The
brusqueness
of
Roman
diplomacy,
e.g. with
Queen
Teuta
in
229,
Pdlybius
2.
8.
6-13,
with
Antiochus
IV
in
168,
Livy
45.
12.

Polybius
3.
9.
6-12.
7.

Polybius
3.11.5-8.

Polybius
3.
11.
5-8,
Livy
21.
1.
4-5,
Nepos,
Hannibal
1.
2-6.

The
best
and
most
thorough
recent
discussion
of
the
causes
of
the
war
is
J.
Rich,
'The origins
of
the
Second
Punic
War',
in
T.
Cornell,
B.
Rankov
&
P.
Sabin
(edd.),
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal
(London,
1996),
pp.
1-37.
Rich
cites
around
thirty major
contributions
on
the
subject.

See
Rich
(1996),
pp.
14-18,
esp.
p.
17.
Hamilcar's
recruitment
of
captured
enemy warriors,
Diodorus Siculus
25.
10.
1;
his
response
to
the
Roman
envoys,
Dio
12.
48.

On
Hannibal
's
ambition
see
Livy
21.
5.
1-2.

See
Rich
(1996),
p.
30.

On
the
Senate's
plans
and
dispositions
for
218,
see
Polybius
3.
40.
1-2,41.
2,
Livy
21. 17.
1-9.

Polybius
3.
40.
3-13,
Livy
21.
25.
1-14.

Polybius
3.
40.
14,
41.
1-3,
Livy
21.
26.
1-2.

For
an
incisive
discussion
of
the
naval
situation
see
B.
Rankov,
'The
Second
Punic
War
at Sea',
in
Cornell,
Rankov
and
Sabin
(1996),
pp.
49-57,
esp.
pp.
S2-A.

Polybius
3.
33.
17-18.

Polybius
3.
35.
1;
the
elephants,
Appian,
The Hannibalic War
1.
4.

A.
D.
Domingucz-Monedero,
'La
campana
de
Anibal
contra
los
Vacceos,
sus
objectivos y
su
relaci6n
con
el
initio
de
la
segunda
guerra
punka',
Latomus
45
(1986),
pp.
241-58.

Livy
21.
21.
9.

Livy
22.
58.
3.

For
the
view
that
Hannibal's
strategy
was
to
break
up
Rome's
confederation
of
allies,
see J.
Lazenby,
'Was
Maharbal
right?',
in
Cornell,
Rankov
&
Sabin
(1996),
pp.
39-48,
and J.
Lazenby,
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978),
pp.
29-32,
85-6,
88-9.

Livy
records
the
tradition
that
Hasdrubal
had
the
young
Hannibal
summoned
to
Spain, implying
that
he
had
returned
to
Carthage
at
some
earlier
time.
He
implies
that
there were
similar
rumours
about
an
unnatural
relationship
between
Hannibal
and
Hasdrubal to
the
ones
that
had
circulated
concerning
the
latter
and
Hamilcar,
Livy
21.
3.
1-6,
cf. Nepos,
Hamilcar
3.
1-2.

Polybius
3.
69.
12-13,
9.
22.
1-26,
Livy
21.
4.
1-8.

Hannibal
Monomachus,
Polybius
9.
24.
4-8;
Hannibal
Barca's
avarice,
9.
25.
1-26.
11.

Livy
21.
38.
6-9.
For
studies
of
the
route
see
P.
Connolly,
Greece and Rome at War
(London,
1981),
pp.
153-66,
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
34-48,
275-7,
S.
Lancel,
Hannibal
(Oxford,
1998),
pp.
57-80,
and
D.
Proctor,
Hannibal's March in History
(Oxford, 1971)
as
a
small
sample
of
the
existing
literature.