The Fall of Carthage (68 page)

Polybius
1.
8.
3-9.
8.
For
the
chronology
of
Hiero's
career
see
Walbank
1
(1970), pp.
54-5.
See
Diodorus Siculus 22.
13
for
an
account
of
the
action
at
the
River Longanus.

Polybius
1.
10.
1-2;
Hannibal's
deception
of
Hiero,
Diodorus Siculus 22.
13; inevitability
of
Carthaginian
conquest
of
Sicily
once
they
controlled
Messana,
Polybius
1. 10.
7-8,
Zonaras
8.
8.
For
discussion
of
the
war's
causes
see
J.
Lazenby,
The First Punic War
(London,
1996),
pp.
31-42,
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
pp.
8-16, Walbank
1
(1970),
pp.
56-63.

Polybius
1.
10.
3-9.

Polybius
1.
11.
1-3.
See
also
Walbank
1,
p.
62,
Lazenby
(1996),
p.
39.
For
a
detailed discussion
of
the
process
involved
see
J.
Rich,
Declaring war in the Roman Republic in the period
of
transmarine expansion
(Collection
Latomus
149,
Brussels,
1976).

The
Philinus
treaty,
Polybius
3.
26.
2-5;
Polybius'
account
of
the
three
preserved treaties,
3.
22-26,
cf.
Livy
7.
27.
2,9.
43.
26,
Periochae
13,
and
Diodorus Siculus
16.
91. 1;
Livy's
306
treaty,
Per.
14.
For
discussion
of
these
see
Walbank
1
(1970),
p.
337-56, Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
31-5;
Caven
(1980),
pp.
15-16,
and
S.
Lancel,
Carthage
(Paris, 1995),
pp.
86-8,
362,
both
favour
accepting
Philinus'
treaty.
For
a
recent
discussion
of relations
betweeen
Rome
and
Carthage
see
R.
Palmer,
Rome and Carthage at Peace. Historia Einzelschriften Heft. 113
(Stuttgart,
1997).
On
the
incident
at
Tarentum
see Livy
Per.
14,
Zonaras
8.
6,
Orosius
4.
3.
1-2.

For
Defensive
Imperialism
see
T.
Mommsen,
The History
of
Rome
(trans.
M.
W.
P. Dickson)
(London,
1877-80),
T.
Frank,
Roman Imperialism
(New
York,
1914),
M. Holleaux,
Rome, la Grke et Us monarchies hellenistiques au Hie siecle avant J.C. (273-205)
(Paris,
1921),
E.
Badian,
Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic
(Oxford,
1968), R.
M.
Errington,
The Dawn
of
Empire: Rome's Rise to World Power
(London,
1971).

For
the
economic
motives
for
Roman
imperialism
see
M.
K.
Hopkins,
Conquerors and Slaves
(Cambridge,
1978);
the
strongest
argument
for
the
Roman
political
and
social systems
encouraging
aggression
is
W.
V.
Harris,
War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327-70
BC
(Oxford,
1979),
esp.
pp.
9-104.
For
a
more
balanced
view
see
J.
Rich, Tear,
greed
and
glory:
the
causes
of
Roman
war-making
in
the
middle
Republic',
in

Harris
(1979),
pp.
183-5.

Polybius
1.
11.
3-11;
the
request
for
ships
from
the
allies,
Polybius
1.
20.
13-14.
The story
of
C.
Claudius,
Dio
11.
5-10,
Zonaras
8.
8-9.

See
Lazenby
(1996),
pp.
43-6
for
criticism
of
this
tradition.
The
loss
of
the
Carthaginian quinquereme,
Polybius
1.
20.
15;
Hanno's
threat,
Dio
11.
9,
Zonaras
8.
9;
Diodorus' account
of
the
negotiations,
23.
1.
4.

Polybius
1.11.
9-12.
4,14.
1-8;
on
the
defeat
of
the
Roman
cavalry,
Zonaras
8.
9.

Polybius
1.16.1-11,Zonaras
8.9.
On
the
name
Messala,
see
Pliny
Natural History
35.
22.

Polybius
1.
16.
4-17.
1.
Eutropius
2.
19.
2
and
Orosius
4.
7.
3
claim
that
Hiero
paid 200
talents.

Mercenaries,
Polybius
1.
17.
3-4;
reduction
in
Roman
army,
1.
17.
1-2;
four
legions again
sent
to
Sicily,
1.
17.
6.

J.
Roth,
The Logistics
of
the Roman Army at War
(Brill,
1999),
p.
158,171-2,288,
316, 318.

General
narrative,
Polybius
1.
17.
6-13;
the
pickets
outside
the
camp
1.
17.
11-12
and 6.37.
11.
This
institution
is
attested
at
the
siege
of
Jerusalem
in
AD
70,
Josephus,
Helium Judaicum
5.
482-3.

Caesar,
Bellum Gallicum 2.
32,
Cicero
De Officiis
1.
35.

Polybius
1.
18.
1-7.

Polybius
1.
18.
8-19.
4;
size
of
the
Punic
army,
Polybius
1.
19.
2,
Diodorus Siculus
23. 8.
1.
The
much
later
source
of
Orosius
gives
only
30
elephants,
1,500
cavalry
and 30,000
infantry,
4.
7.
5.

Zonaras
8.
10;
Polybius
1.
19.
6.

Polybius
1.
19.
7-11,
DS23.
8.
1,
9.
1,
7.

B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
p.
25,
Lazenby,
The First Punic War
(London,
1996),
p.
58.