The Fall of Carthage (74 page)

This
was
the
number
of
horsemen
commanded
by
Gaius
Centenius,
Polybius
3.
86.
3, Livy
22.
8.
1.

The
probably
fictitious
battle,
livy
21.
59.
1-9;
Hannibal's
disguises,
Polybius
3.
78. 1-4,
Livy
22.
1.
3.

Dispositions
for
the
year,
Polybius
3.
80.
1,
86.
1,
Livy
22.
2.
1,4.

On
Flaminius'
character,
see
Polybius
3.
80.
3-82.
8,
Livy
21.
63.
1-15,
22.
3.
3-14.

Livy
21.
63.
5.

N.
Rosenstein,
Imperatores Victi
(Berkeley,
1990),
pp.
54-91.

Polybius
3.
78.
5-79.
12,
Livy
22.
2.
1-3.
1.
For
the
Porretta
Pass
see
Lazenby
(1978), pp.
60-61,
fh.
20;
for
the
Colline
Pass
see
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980), p.
119.
Cato
claimed
that
the
bravest
elephant
in
Hannibal's
army
was
called
the
Syrian (Surus),
Pliny
Natural History
8.
5.
11.

The
problem
of
supply,
see
Shean
(1996),
pp.
159-87,
esp.
175-85.

Polybius
3.
80.
1-2,
82.
1-8,
Livy
22.
3.
7-14.

On
the
possible
battle
sites
see
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
Connolly
(1981),
pp.
172-5, and
Kromayer
8c
Veith
(1912),
pp.
148-93.

Livy
35.
4
mentions
that
in
193,
the
consul
Merula
took
the
precaution
of
sending
out scouts
even
though
he
was
marching
in
daylight,
which
implies
that
the
practice
was
not normal.

Accounts
of
Trasimene,
see
Polybius
3.
9-85.
5,
Livy
22.
4.
1-7.
5.
Ovid
mentions
the date
of
the
battle
as
dies nefas, Fasti
6.
767-8.
Silius
Italicus
says
that
Flaminius
wore
a
crine Suevo
-
Suebic
scalp,
clearly
intended
to
mean
Gallic,
although
the
Suebi
were
a German
people
-
as
a
crest,
Silius
Italicus,
Punica
5.
132.
For
a
discussion
of
the different
versions
of
Flaminius'
death
see
Rosenstein
(1990),
pp.
115-17.

Polybius
3.
86.
1-5,
Livy
22.
8.
1.

Livy
22.
7.
6-14,
8.
2-A.

Polybius
3.
87.
6-9,
Livy
22.
8.
5-7.

Plutarch,
Fabius Maximus
1-4.

Livy
22.
9.
7-10.
10.

Livy
22.11.1-9;
on
the
request
to
be
allowed
to
ride
a
horse,
Plutarch,
Fabius Maximus
4.

Polybius
3.
86.
8-87.
5,
Livy
22.
9.
1-5.

Polybius
3.
88.
1-90.
6,
Livy
22.
12.
1-12.
See
P.
Erdkamp,
'Polybius,
Livy
and
the Fabian
Strategy',
Ancient Society
23
(1992),
pp.
127-47,
which
argues
convincingly
that Livy
grossly
exaggerated
the
impact
of
Fabius'
attempts
to
deprive
Hannibal
of
food.
For a
discussion
of
the
armies'
possible
routes
during
this
campaign
see
Lazenby
(1978),
pp. 66-71,
Connolly
(1981),
pp.
177-82.
Plutarch
mentions
the
military
slang,
'kicking
in the
stomach',
in
LucullusW.
1.

Polybius
3.
90.
7-92.
10,
Livy
22.
13.
1-15.
1.

Polybius
3.
93.
1-94.
6,
Livy
22.
15.
2-18.

Fabius'
nickname,
Plutarch,
Fabius Maximus
5;
the
election
of
Minucius
and
his subsequent
defeat,
Polybius
3.
100.
1-105.
11,
Livy
22.
18.
5-10,
23.
1-30.
10.

W.
Heckmann,
Rommel's War in Africa
(London,
1981),
p.
113;
A.
Beevor,
Stalingrad
(London,
1998),
p.
297.

Polybius
3.
107.
8-15,
Livy
22.
35.
1-36.
5.
For
modern
views
see
J.
Lazenby,
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978),
pp.
75-6,
and
F.
Walbank,
A Historical Commentary on Polybius
1
(Oxford,
1970),
pp.
439-40,
who
support
Polybius'
figures; B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
pp.
134-41,
and
P.
Brunt,
Italian Manpower
(Oxford,
1971),
p.
419
are
amongst
those
who
reject
them.

Livy's
claims
of
Varro's
radical
politics,
22.
25.
18-19,
34.
2-35.
4,
38.
6.
See
also

Paullus'
speech,
Polybius
3.
108.
1-13;
mood
of
the
allies,
Polybius
3.
107.
6;
Livy's improbable
version
of
a
conversation
between
Fabius
Maximus
and
Paullus,
Livy
22.
38. 6-40.
4.

Polybius
3.
107.
1-7.

The
Roman
approach
to
Cannae,
3.
110.
1;
Livy's
version,
22.
40.
5-44.
1.
For
the battle
site
see
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
77-8,
P.
Connolly,
Greece and Rome at War
(London,
1981),
p.
184,
H.
Delbriick
(trans.
W.
Renfroe),
History
of
the Art
of
War. Volume 1: Warfare in Antiquity
(Nebraska,
1975),
pp.
324-5
,
and
for
a
contrasting view
see
J.
Kromayer
&
G.
Veith,
Antike Schlachtfelder
(Berlin,
1903-31)
III.
1,