The Fall of Carthage (77 page)

Planned
expedition
in
216,
Livy
23.
27.
9-12;
actual
march
in
208,
27.
36.
1-4.

Livy
27.
39.
1-14,
43.
1-3;
Iicinus'
legions
under
strength,
27.
39.
2.

Livy
27.
43.
4-46.
5.

Appian,
The Hannibalic War
52.

Polybius
11.
1.
1-2.
11,
Livy
27.
46.
6-49.
9;
for
the
date
of
the
battle
and
the
tradition that
Hasdrubal
committed
suicide,
see
Ovid,
Fasti
6.
770;
location
of
the
battlefield
see J.
Kromayer
and
G.
Veith,
Antike Schlactfelder in Italien undAfrika
(Berlin,
1913),
III. 1,
pp.
424-94;
for
one
view
of
the
improvements
in
Roman
armies
see
J-P.
Brisson,
'Les Mutations
de
la
Seconde
Guerre
Punique',
in
J-P.
Brisson,
Problemes de la Guerre a Rome
(Paris,
1969),
pp.
33-59.

Thanksgiving,
Livy
27.
51.
8;
the
triumph,
28.
9.
2-20.

Livy
28.
46.
7-13,
29.
4.
6,
30.
18.
1-19.
6.

Hannibal's
recall,
Livy
30.
19.
12-20.
9.

On
Spain
in
general
see
S.
Dyson,
The Creation
of
the Roman Frontier
(Princeton, 1985),
pp.
174-84.

Polybius
3.
76.
1-13,
Livy
21.
50.
1-51.
11.
Polybius
3.
76.
8-9
claims
that
Hasdrubal knew
of
Hanno's
defeat
before
he
attacked,
but
Livy
denies
this,
21.
51.
1.
Livy's account
of
the
fighting
after
this
is
normally
rejected
under
the
assumption
that
he
has mistaken
a
different
version
of
the
same
events
for
later
operations.

Polybius
3.
95.
2-96.
6,
Livy
22.
19.
1-20.
3;
the
later
raiding,
Livy
22.
20.
4-21.
8.

Polybius
3.
97.
1-99.
9.

Livy
23.
26.
1-29.
17.
For
comparisons
between
Ibera
and
Cannae
see
J.
Lazenby,
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978)
pp.
128-9,
and
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
pp.
140,
180.

Lazenby
(1978),
p.
129.

The
Romans
later
tried
to
take
advantage
of
this
tendency
amongst
the
Celtiberians, Livy
34.
19.
2-8.

Livy
25.
32.
1-39.
18;
Marcius'
rank
see
Cicero,
pro Balbo
34,
Valerius
Maximus
2.
7.
15.

For
military
intelligence
in
the
Republican
period
see
M.
Austin
&
B.
Rankov,
Exploratio
(London,
1995),
pp.
18-108.

Polybius
5.
108.
1-110.
11.

The
treaty,
Polybius
7.
9.
1-17;
the
negotiations
and
the
capture
of
the
envoys,
Livy
23. 33.
1-24.
9.

Livy
23.
38.
8-10,
48.
3,24.
10.
4,40.
1-17.

Supplementum Fpigraphicum Graecum
13.
382,
Livy
26.
24.
1-25.
15.

For
a
discussion
of
the
importance
of
booty
see
W.
Harris,
War and Imperialism in Mid Republican Rome 327-70
BC
(Oxford,
1979),
pp.
58-104.

For
the
Aetolians'
reluctance
to
ally
with
Rome
and
delay
over
the
treaty's
ratification see
Lazenby
(1978),
p.
116.

Echinous,
Polybius
9.
41.
1-42.
4.
For
a
narrative
account
with
references
to
the
sources see
Lazenby
(1978),
pp.
161-7.
For
Hellenistic
armies
see
F.
Adcock,
The Greek and Macedonian Art
of
War
(Berkeley,
1962)
and
B.
Bar
Kochva,
The SeleucidArmy
(Cambridge,
1976).

Attempted
mediation,
Livy
27.
30.
4-7;
Mantineia,
Polybius
11.
11.
1-18.
10;
the Aetolians
conclude
peace
with
Philip
V,
Livy
29.
12.
1-4.

Livy
29.
12.
2-16.

Sicily,
Livy
21.
49.
1-51.
4;
Sardinia,
Livy
23.
9-12,
34.
10-17,40.
1-41.
9.
For
a discussion
see
S.
Dyson,
The Creation
of
the Roman Frontier
(Princeton,
1985), pp.
251-4.

Polybius
7.
2.
1-8.
9,
Iivy
24.
4.
1-7.
9.
Hiero
sends
aid,
Polybius
3.
75.
7-8.

Livy
24.
27.
6-33.
8.

Polybius
8.
3.
1-7.
12,
Livy
24.
33.
9-34.
16,
Plutarch
Marcellus
14-17.

Livy
24.
35.
1-39.
13.

Polybius
8.
37.
1-13,
Livy
25.
23.
1-25.
13,
Plutarch
Marcellus
18.

Livy
25.
26.
1-15,
25.
27.
2-13.

Livy
25.
27.
6-7,
28.
1-31.
11,
Plutarch
Marcellus
19-20.

Livy
25.
40.
1-41.
7;
Marcellus'
ovation
26.
21.
1-13,
Plutarch
Marcellus 21-22.

Punic
reinforcements,
see
Livy
26.
21.
14-17;
Laevinus,
Livy
26.
40.
1-15.
Muttines appears
on
a
later
inscription
from
Delphi
as
Marcus
Valerius
Muttines
along
with
his four
sons,
Inscriptions Graecae
585,
and
he
and
one
of
the
sons
are
mentioned
as
still serving
with
the
army
in
188
BC
by
Livy
38.
41.
12;
Moericus,
26.
21.
10-13.