The Fall of Carthage (80 page)

Polybius
15.
18.
1-8,
Livy
30.
37.
1-6.

Polybius
15.
19.
1-9,
Livy
30.
37.
7-38.
5;
Appian
Punic Wars
54.

Counting
as
pitched
battles,
Trebia,
Trasimene,
Cannae,
Ibera,
the
River
Calor,
First
and Second
Herdonea,
Baecula,
Metaurus,
Ilipa,
the
defeat
of
Mago,
the
Great
Plains,
and Zama.

On
foraging
and
raiding
see
J.
Roth,
The Logistics
of
the Roman Army at War
(Brill, 1999),
pp.
117-55,
286-92;
for
a
detailed
discussion
of
raiding
and
crop
destruction
in Greek
warfare
see
V.
D.
Hanson,
Warfare and agriculture in Classical Greece,
rev.
ed. (California,
1998).

Role
of
sieges
in
propaganda,
see
J.
Keegan,
A History
of
Warfare
(London,
1993), pp.
151-2.

For
views
on
Hannibal's
strategy
see
B.
Caven,
The Punic Wars
(London,
1980),
p.
141, J.
F.
Lazenby
Hannibal's War
(Warminster,
1978),
pp.
85-6
and
'Was
Maharbal
Right?', in
T.
Cornell,
B.
Rankov
and
P.
Sabin
(edd.)
The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal,
British
Institute
of
Classical
Studies
Supplement
67
(London,
1996),
pp.
39-48,
H. Delbriick
Warfare in Antiquity,
(trans,
by
W.
J.
Renfroe:
Lincoln
and
New
York,
1975), pp.
336-44,
B.
D.
Hoyos
'Hannibal:
What
kind
of
genius?',
Greece and Rome
30
(1983), pp.171-80,
esp.
pp.177-8,
and
S.
Lancel,
Hannibal
(Oxford,
1997),
pp.
109-11.

See
S.
Dyson,
The Creation
of
the Roman Frontier
(Princeton,
1985),
pp.
186-98.

Dyson
(1985),
pp.
35-86,
87-125.

Livy
31.
1.
6-2.
4,
5.
16.
1.
For
discussion
of
other
motives
for
the
war,
see
F.
Walbank, 'Polybius
and
Rome's
Eastern
Policy',
Journal
of
Roman Studies
53
(1963)
1-13

Plutarch,
Aemilius Paullus
19;
for
Hellenistic
armies
see
also
B.
Bar
Kochva,
The Seleucid Army
(Cambridge,
1976).

Recruitment
of
veterans
from
Scipio's
army
in
200,
Livy
31.
14.
1-2.

Cynoscephalae,
Polybius
18.
19.
1-33.
7,
Livy
33.
6.
1-10.
10;
Magnesia,
Livy
38. 37-44,
Appian,
Syrian Wars,
30-36,
Bar
Kochva
(1976),
pp.
163-73;
Pydna,
Livy
44. 40-42,
Plutarch,
Aemilius Paullus
18-22.

Polybius
18.
44.
1-45.
12,
Livy
33.
30.
1-11;
concerns
over
discipline
were
reflected
in Paullus'
careful
training
of
the
army
in
Macedonia,
Livy
44.
33-4,
36-40;
the
slaves, Plutarch,
Flamininus
13.

Livy
37.
45.

R.
Kallett-Marx,
Hegemony to Empire
(California,
1995),
pp.
11-96.

For
an
introduction
to
this
period
see
M.
Crawford,
The Roman Republic
(London, 1978),
pp.
49-83.

For
Manlius
Vulso
see
Livy
38.
44-50.

H.
Scullard,
Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician
(London,
1970),
pp.
21044.

For
the
trial
of
the
Scipiones
see
Livy
38.
50-56.

For
Cato's
career
in
general
see
A.
E.
Astin,
Cato the Censor
(Oxford,
1978);
for Sums
see
Pliny
Natural History
8.
5.
11.

For
the
black
stone
see
Livy
29.
10.
4-11.
8,
29.
14.
5-14.
The
suppression
of
the Bacchic
rites
see
Livy
39.
8-19,
InscripHones Latinae Selectae
18
=
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1.
2.
581.

Famously
when
Gaius
Popilius
Laenas
browbeat
Antiochus
IV
into
submission,
Livy
45. 12.
On
the
growth
of
latifundia
see
K.
Hopkins,
Conquerors and Slaves
(Cambridge, 1978).

For
Hannibal's
remaining
in
charge
of
the
army,
Nepos,
Hannibal
7.
1-4,
his
turning the
soldiers
to
agriculture,
Aurelius
Victor,
De Caesaribus
37.
3,
S.
Lancel,
Carthage
(Oxford,
1995),
pp.
277,402,
8c
(1997),
pp.
180-185.
His
conflicts
with
other
politicians
and
eventual
exile,
Livy
33.
45.
6-49.
8.

The
wealth
of
Carthage,
Lancel
(1995),
pp.
401-409;
Punic
spies,
Zonaras
8.
11.

Livy
39.
51.

Livy
35.14.

For
criticism
of
the
Roman
behaviour
see
W.
Harris,
War and Imperialism in Mid Republican Rome 327-70
BC
(Oxford,
1979),
pp.
234-40.

Carthaginian
politics
after
201,
Appian,
Punic Wars
67-8,
and
G.
Picard
8c
C.
Picard,
Carthage
(London,
1987),
pp.
272-82;
Ariston
of
Tyre,
see
Livy
34.
61.
1-6,
62.
6-7; Mago
the
Bruttian,
Polybius
36.
5.
1.
For
a
discussion
of
the
motives
for
Roman
war-making
in
this
period
see
J.
Rich,
'Fear,
greed
and
glory',
in
Rich
8c
Shipley
(edd.)
War